The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
It would seem that some hallucinations are best to be explained in
this way. We have in fact a regular series of facts which can all
be formulated under the single law that _the substantive strength
of a state of consciousness bears an inverse proportion to its
suggestiveness_. It is the halting-places of our thought which are
occupied with distinct imagery. Most of the words we utter have no
time to awaken images at all; they simply awaken the following words.
But when the sentence _stops_, an image dwells for awhile before the
mental eye (see Vol. I. p. 243). Again, whenever the associative
processes are reduced and impeded by the approach of unconsciousness,
as in falling asleep, or growing faint, or becoming narcotized, we
find a concomitant increase in the intensity of whatever partial
consciousness may survive. In some people what M. Maury has called
'hypnagogic' hallucinations[126] are the regular concomitant of the
process of falling asleep. Trains of faces, landscapes, etc., pass
before the mental eye, first as fancies, then as pseudo-hallucinations,
finally as full-fledged hallucinations forming dreams. If we regard
association-paths as paths of drainage, then the shutting off of one
after another of them as the encroaching cerebral paralysis advances
ought to act like the plugging of the hole in the bottom of the pail,
and make the activity more intense in those systems of cells that
retain any activity at all. The level rises because the currents are
not drained away, until at last the full sensational explosion may
occur.
The usual explanation of hypnagogic hallucinations is that they are
ideas deprived of their ordinary _reductives_. In somnolescence,
sensations being extinct, the mind, it is said, then having no stronger
things to compare its ideas with, ascribes to these the fulness of
reality. At ordinary times the objects of our imagination are reduced
to the _status_ of subjective facts by the ever-present contrast of
our sensations with them. Eliminate the sensations, however, this
view supposes, and the 'images' are forthwith 'projected' into the
outer world and appear as realities. Thus is the illusion of dreams
also explained. This, indeed, after a fashion gives an account of the
facts.[127] And yet it certainly fails to explain the extraordinary
vivacity and completeness of so many of our dream-fantasms. The process
of 'imagining' must (in these cases at least[128]) be not merely
relatively, but absolutely and in itself more intense than at other
times. The fact is, it is not a process of imagining, but a genuine
sensational process; and the theory in question is therefore false as
far as that point is concerned.
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