The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
_Can we assign the physiological conditions which make the elementary
sensible largeness of one sensation vary so much from that of another?_
Only imperfectly. One factor in the result undoubtedly is the number
of nerve-terminations simultaneously excited by the outward agent
that awakens the sensation. When many skin-nerves are warmed, or
much retinal surface illuminated, our feeling is larger than when a
lesser nervous surface is excited. The single sensation yielded by two
compass-points, although it seems simple, is yet felt to be much bigger
and blunter than that yielded by one. The touch of a single point may
always be recognized by its quality of sharpness. This page looks
much smaller to the reader if he closes one eye than if both eyes are
open. So does the moon, which latter fact shows that the phenomenon
has nothing to do with parallax. The celebrated boy couched for the
cataract by Chesselden thought, after his first eye was operated,
"all things he saw extremely large," but being couched of his second
eye, said "that objects at first appeared large to this eye, but not
so large as they did at first to the other; and looking upon the same
object with both eyes, he thought it looked about twice as large as
with the first couched eye only, but not double, that we can anyways
discover."
The greater extensiveness that the feeling of certain parts of the same
surface has over other parts, and that one order of surface has over
another (retina over skin, for example), may also to a certain extent
be explained by the operation of the same factor. It is an anatomical
fact that the most spatially sensitive surfaces (retina, tongue,
finger-tips, etc.) are supplied by nerve-trunks of unusual thickness,
which must supply to every unit of surface-area an unusually large
number of terminal fibres. But the variations of felt extension obey
probably only a very rough law of numerical proportion to the number of
fibres. A sound is not twice as voluminous to two ears as to one; and
the above-cited variations of feeling, when the same surface is excited
under different conditions, show that the feeling is a resultant of
several factors of which the anatomical one is only the principal.
Many ingenious hypotheses have been brought forward to assign the
co-operating factors where different conditions give conflicting
amounts of felt space. Later we shall analyze some of these cases in
detail, but it must be confessed here in advance that many of them
resist analysis altogether.[153]
THE PERCEPTION OF SPATIAL ORDER.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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