The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
We may consequently imagine a disciple of this school to say to us at
this point: "Suppose you _have_ made a separate specific sensation
of each line and each angle, what boots it? You have still the order
of directions and of distances to account for; you have still the
relative magnitudes of all these felt figures to state; you have their
respective positions to define before you can be said to have brought
order into your space. And not one of these determinations can be
effected except through an act of relating thought, so that your
attempt to give an account of space in terms of pure sensibility breaks
down almost at the very outset. _Position_, for example, can never be
a sensation, for it has nothing intrinsic about it; it can only obtain
_between_ a spot, line, or other figure and _extraneous co-ordinates_,
and can never be an element of the sensible datum, the line or the
spot, in itself. Let us then confess that Thought alone can unlock
the riddle of space, and that Thought is an adorable but unfathomable
mystery."
Such a method of dealing with the problem has the merit of shortness.
Let us, however, be in no such hurry, but see whether we cannot get a
little deeper by patiently considering what these space-relations are.
'Relation' is a very slippery word. It has so many different concrete
meanings that the use of it as an abstract universal may easily
introduce bewilderment into our thought. We must therefore be careful
to avoid ambiguity by making sure, wherever we have to employ it,
what its precise meaning is in that particular sphere of application.
At present we have to do with space-relations, and no others. Most
'relations' are feelings of an entirely different order from the terms
they relate. The relation of similarity, e.g., may equally obtain
between jasmine and tuberose, or between Mr. Browning's verses and Mr.
Story's; it is itself neither odorous nor poetical, and those may well
be pardoned who have denied to it all sensational content whatever. But
just as, in the field of quantity, the relation between two numbers is
another number, so _in the field of space the relations are facts of
the same order with the facts they relate. If these latter be patches
in the circle of vision, the former are certain other patches between
them._ When we speak of the relation of direction of two points toward
each other, we mean simply the sensation of the line that joins the
two points together. _The line is the relation;_ feel it and you
feel the relation, see it and you see the relation; nor can you in
any conceivable way think the latter except by imagining the former
(however vaguely), or describe or indicate the one except by pointing
to the other. And the moment you have imagined the line, the relation
stands before you in all its completeness, with nothing further to
be done. Just so the relation of _direction_ between two lines is
identical with the peculiar sensation of shape of the space enclosed
between them.
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