The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
The mystery is solved when we note the class to which all these
experiences belong. They are 'perceptions' of definite 'things,'
definitely situated in tridimensional space. The mind uniformly uses
its sensations to _identify things by_. The sensation is invariably
apperceived by the idea, name, or 'normal' aspect (p. 238) of the
_thing_. The peculiarity of the _optical_ signs of things is their
extraordinary mutability. A 'thing' which we follow with the eye,
never doubting of its physical identity, will change its retinal image
incessantly. A cross, a ring, waved about in the air, will pass through
every conceivable angular and elliptical form. All the while, however,
as we look at them, we hold fast to the perception of their 'real'
shape, by mentally combining the pictures momentarily received with the
notion of peculiar positions in space. It is not the cross and ring
pure and simple which we perceive, but the cross _so held_, the ring
_so held_. From the day of our birth we have sought every hour of our
lives to _correct_ the apparent form of things, and translate it into
the real form by keeping note of the way they are placed or held. In no
other class of sensations does this incessant correction occur. What
wonder, then, that the notion 'so placed' should invincibly exert its
habitual corrective effect, even when the object with which it combines
is only an after-image, and make us perceive the latter under a changed
but more 'real' form? The 'real' form is also a sensation conjured up
by memory; but it is one so _probable_, so _habitually_ conjured up
when we have just this combination of optical experiences, that it
partakes of the invincible freshness of reality, and seems to break
through that law which elsewhere condemns reproductive processes to
being so much fainter than sensations.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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