Now I have been a reader for more years than Herr Münsterberg; and yet with me there is a strongly pronounced error the other way. It is the rightward-lying interval which to me seems longer than it really is. Moreover, Herr M. wears concave spectacles, and looked through them with his _head fixed_. May it not be that some of the errors were due to distortion of the retinal image, as the eye looked no longer through the centre but through the margin of the glass? In short, with all the presumptions which we have seen against muscular contraction being definitely felt as length, I think that there may be explanations of Herr M.'s results which have escaped even his sagacity; and I call for a suspension of judgment until they shall have been confirmed by other observers. I do not myself doubt that our feeling of seen extent may be _altered_ by concomitant muscular feelings. In Chapter XVII (pp. 28-30) we saw many examples of similar alterations, interferences with, or exaltations of, the sensory effect of one nerve-process by another. I do not see why currents from the muscles or eyelids, coming in at the same time with a retinal impression, might not make the latter seem bigger, in the same way that a greater _intensity_ in the retinal stimulation makes it seem bigger; or in the way that a greater extent of surface excited makes the color of the surface seem stronger, or if it be a skin-surface, makes its heat seem greater; or in the way that the coldness of the dollar on the forehead (in Weber's old experiments) made the dollar seem heavier. But this is a _physiological_ way; and the bigness gained is that of the retinal image after all. If I understand Münsterberg's meaning, it is quite different from this: the bigness belongs to the muscular feelings, as such, and is merely _associated_ with those of the retina. _This_ is what I deny. [202] Archiv f. (Anat. u.) Physiol. (1889), p. 543. [203] _Ibid._ p. 496. [204] _Ibid._ p. 497. Goldscheider thinks that our muscles do not even give us the feeling of _resistance_, that being also due to the articular surfaces; whilst _weight_ is due to the tendons. _Ibid._ p. 541. [205] "Whilst the memories which we seeing folks preserve of a man all centre round a certain exterior form composed of his image, his height, his gait, in the blind all these memories are referred to something quite different, namely, _the sound of his voice_." (Dunan, Rev. Phil., xxv. 357.) [206] Vol. xxv. pp. 357-8. [207] P. 135. [208] Essay conc. Hum. Und., bk. ii. chap. ix. § 8.