The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
If the words of Mill be taken to apply to the mere subjective analysis
of belief--to the question, What does it feel like when we have
it?--they must be held, on the whole, to be correct. Belief, the sense
of reality, feels like itself--that is about as much as we can say.
Prof. Brentano, in an admirable chapter of his _Psychologie_,
expresses this by saying that conception and belief (which he names
_judgment_) are two different fundamental psychic phenomena. What
I myself have called (Vol. I, p. 275) the 'object' of thought may
be comparatively simple, like "Ha! what a pain," or "It-thunders";
or it may be complex, like "Columbus-discovered-America-in-1492,"
or "There-exists-an-all-wise-Creator-of-the-world." In either case,
however, the mere thought of the object may exist as something quite
distinct from the belief in its reality. The belief, as Brentano says,
presupposes the mere thought:
"Every object comes into consciousness in a twofold way, as simply
thought of [_vorgestellt_] and as admitted [_anerkannt_] or
denied. The relation is analogous to that which is assumed by most
philosophers (by Kant no less than by Aristotle) to obtain between
mere thought and desire. Nothing is ever desired without being thought
of; but the desiring is nevertheless a second quite new and peculiar
form of relation to the object, a second quite new way of receiving
it into consciousness. No more is anything judged [i.e., believed or
disbelieved] which is not thought of too. But we must insist that, so
soon as the object of a thought becomes the object of an assenting
or rejecting judgment, our consciousness steps into an entirely new
relation towards it. It is then twice present in consciousness, as
thought of, and as held for real or denied; just as when desire
awakens for it, it is both thought and simultaneously desired." (P.
266.)
The commonplace doctrine of 'judgment' is that it consists in the
combination of 'ideas' by a 'copula' into a 'proposition,' which may
be of various sorts, as affirmative, negative, hypothetical, etc. But
who does not see that in a disbelieved or doubted or interrogative
or conditional proposition, the ideas are combined in the same
identical way in which they are in a proposition which is solidly
believed? _The way in which the ideas are combined is a part of the
inner constitution of the thought's object or content._ That object
is sometimes an articulated whole with relations between its parts,
amongst which relations, that of predicate to subject may be one. But
when we have got our object with its inner constitution thus defined
in a proposition, then the question comes up regarding the object as
a whole: 'Is it a real object? is this proposition a true proposition
or not?' And in the answer _Yes_ to _this_ question lies that new
psychic act which Brentano calls 'judgment,' but which I prefer to call
'belief.'
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