The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
Now if we admit that sensation and imagination are due to the activity
of the same centres in the cortex, we can see a very good teleological
reason why they should correspond to discrete kinds of process in these
centres, and why the process which gives the sense that the object is
really there ought normally to be arousable only by currents entering
from the periphery and not by currents from the neighboring cortical
parts. We can see, in short, why _the sensational process_ OUGHT TO _be
discontinuous with all normal ideational processes, however intense_.
For, as Dr. Münsterberg justly observes:
"Were there not this peculiar arrangement we should not distinguish
reality and fantasy, our conduct would not be accommodated to the
facts about us, but would be inappropriate and senseless, and we could
not keep ourselves alive.... That our thoughts and memories should
be copies of sensations with their intensity greatly reduced is thus
a consequence deducible logically from the natural adaptation of the
cerebral mechanism to its environment."[82]
Mechanically the discontinuity between the ideational and the
sensational kinds of process must mean that when the greatest
ideational intensity has been reached, an order of _resistance_
presents itself which only a new order of force can break through. The
current from the periphery is the new order of force required; and what
happens after the resistance is overcome is the sensational process. We
may suppose that the latter consists in some new and more violent sort
of disintegration of the neural matter, which now explodes at a deeper
level than at other times.
Now how shall we conceive of the 'resistance' which prevents this
sort of disintegration from taking place, this sort of intensity in
the process from being attained, so much of the time? It must be
either an intrinsic resistance, some force of cohesion in the neural
molecules themselves; or an extrinsic influence, due to other cortical
cells. When we come to study the process of hallucination we shall
see that both factors must be taken into account. There is a degree
of inward molecular cohesion in our brain-cells which it probably
takes a sudden inrush of destructive energy to spring apart. Incoming
peripheral currents possess this energy from the outset. Currents
from neighboring cortical regions might attain to it if they could
_accumulate_ within the centre which we are supposed to be considering.
But since during waking hours every centre communicates with others
by association-paths, no such accumulation can take place. The
cortical currents which run in run right out again, awakening the next
ideas; the level of tension in the cells does not rise to the higher
explosion-point; and the latter must be gained by a sudden current from
the periphery or not at all.
* * * * *
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