The principles of science : $b a treatise on logic and scientific methodJevons, William Stanley
Philosophy
The principles of science : $b a treatise on logic and scientific method
Jevons, William Stanley
Logic; Science -- Methodology
No sooner do we introduce into the problem a third term C, than the
investigation assumes a far more complex character, so that some
readers may prefer to pass over this section. Three terms and their
negatives may be combined, as we have frequently seen, in eight
different combinations, and the effect of laws or logical conditions
is to destroy any one or more of these combinations. Now we may make
selections from eight things in 2^{8} or 256 ways; so that we have no
less than 256 different cases to treat, and the complete solution is
at least fifty times as troublesome as with two terms. Many series of
combinations, indeed, are contradictory, as in the simpler problem,
and may be passed over, the test of consistency being that each of the
letters A, B, C, *a*, *b*, *c*, shall appear somewhere in the series of
combinations.
My mode of solving the problem was as follows:--Having written out the
whole of the 256 series of combinations, I examined them separately and
struck out such as did not fulfil the test of consistency. I then chose
some form of proposition involving two or three terms, and varied it
in every possible manner, both by the circular interchange of letters
(A, B, C into B, C, A and then into C, A, B), and by the substitution
for any one or more of the terms of the corresponding negative terms.
For instance, the proposition AB = ABC can be first varied by circular
interchange so as to give BC = BCA and then CA = CAB. Each of these
three can then be thrown into eight varieties by negative change. Thus
AB = ABC gives *a*B = *a*BC, A*b* = A*b*C, AB = AB*c*, *ab* = *ab*C,
and so on. Thus there may possibly exist no less than twenty-four
varieties of the law having the general form AB = ABC, meaning that
whatever has the properties of A and B has those also of C. It by no
means follows that some of the varieties may not be equivalent to
others; and trial shows, in fact, that AB = ABC is exactly the same
in meaning as A*c* = A*bc* or B*c* = B*ca*. Thus the law in question
has but eight varieties of distinct logical meaning. I now ascertain
by actual deductive reasoning which of the 256 series of combinations
result from each of these distinct laws, and mark them off as soon as
found. I then proceed to some other form of law, for instance A = ABC,
meaning that whatever has the qualities of A has those also of B and
C. I find that it admits of twenty-four variations, all of which are
found to be logically distinct; the combinations being worked out, I am
able to mark off twenty-four more of the list of 256 series. I proceed
in this way to work out the results of every form of law which I can
find or invent. If in the course of this work I obtain any series of
combinations which had been previously marked off, I learn at once that
the law giving these combinations is logically equivalent to some law
previously treated. It may be safely inferred that every variety of the
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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