Translations from the classics were popular, and in the second half of the century arose that passion for voyage and travel which has so largely contributed to the wealth and extension of England. This was begun by Eden's translation of Peter Martyr's "Decades of the New World; or, West India," London, 1555, quarto, followed by Hakluyt's "Principall Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries," 1589, folio. Many accounts of single voyages and discoveries were issued, and the taste thus created culminated in the establishment of the East India Company in the last year of the century. The first specimen of copper plate engraving for books in England is a frontispiece to Galen's _De Temperamentis_, printed at Cambridge 1521, and the number of books containing copper plates engraved before 1600 is extremely limited, the most notable being portraits of Queen Elizabeth, Lord Leicester, and Lord Burleigh in Archbishop Parker's Bible of 1568; Saxton's Atlas, 1579, the first atlas in England; Harrington's translation of Ariosto, 1591, with forty-seven engraved plates. [Illustration: Fig. 68.--Woodcut by Hans Holbein from Cranmer's Catechism, 1548.] The first printer at Cambridge was John Siberch, 1521. Peter of Treves established himself at Southwark in 1514. Among his productions is a Higden's _Polychronicon_, 1527, folio. John Oswen printed at Ipswich 1538, and among the English towns in which printers established themselves in the century were York, Canterbury, Tavistock, Norwich, and Worcester. The establishment of the Reformed Church, and the diffusion of education among the people which followed, created an original English school of literature in the sixteenth century, and this gave employment and great impetus to typography in England, so that by the time we reach the end of the century we find a great improvement in the art of the Book, to be carried to still greater perfection in the next. [Illustration] CHAPTER IV. 1600 TO 1700. Tendencies of the regency of Marie de Medicis--Thomas de Leu and Leonard Gaultier--J. Picart and Claude Mellan--Lyons and J. de Fornazeris--The Book at the beginning of the seventeenth century in Germany, Italy, and Holland--Crispin Pass in France--The Elzevirs and their work in Holland--Sebastian Cramoisy and the Imprimerie Royale--Illustration with Callot, Della Bella, and Abraham Bosse--The publishers and the Hotel de Rambouillet--The reign of Louis XIV., Antoine Vitré syndic at his accession--His works and mortifications; the polyglot Bible of Le Jay--Art and illustrators of the grand century--Sébastien Leclerc, Lepautre, and Chauveau--Leclerc preparing the illustration and decoration of the Book for the eighteenth century--The Book in England in the seventeenth century. [Illustration: Fig. 69.--Letter engraved by A. Bosse.]