Time Summer Winter ----------------------------------------- Sunrise 4° 27' 00" 7° 33' 00" 1st Hour 5° 42' 30" 8° 17' 30" 2d Hour 6° 58' 00" 9° 02' 00" 3d Hour 8° 13' 30" 9° 46' 30" 4th Hour 9° 29' 00" 10° 31' 00" 5th Hour 10° 44' 30" 11° 15' 30" 6th Hour 12° 00' 00" 12° 00' 00" 7th Hour 1° 15' 30" 12° 44' 30" 8th Hour 2° 31' 00" 1° 29' 00" 9th Hour 3° 46' 30" 2° 13' 30" 10th Hour 5° 02' 00" 2° 58' 00" 11th Hour 6° 17' 30" 3° 42' 30" 12th Hour 7° 33' 00" 4° 27' 00" In the same way the hours may be calculated for any given day, the length of the day and the hour of sunrise being known, but for all practical purposes the old couplet will serve: The English hour you may fix, If to the Latin you add six. When the Latin hour is above six it will be more convenient to subtract than to add. CHAPTER XII BURIAL-PLACES AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES REFERENCES: Marquardt, 340-388; Voigt, 319-322, 396, 455; Göll, 480-547; Guhl and Koner, 580-595, 857-863; Friedländer, III, 125-137; Ramsay, 479-482; Pauly-Wissowa, _cenotaphium_, _columbārium_; Smith, Harper, Rich, _columbārium_, _fūnus_, _sepulcrum_; Lübker, _Bestattung_, _sepulcrum_; Baumeister, 308-311, 604-609, 1520 f.; Mau-Kelsey, 399-428; Gusman, 44-54; Egbert, Latin Inscriptions, 230-242; Lanciani, Ancient Rome, 64, 129 f. §419. Importance of Burial.--The Romans' view of the future life explains the importance they attached to the ceremonial burial of the dead. The soul, they thought, could find rest only when the body had been duly laid in the grave; until this was done it haunted the home, unhappy itself and bringing unhappiness to others. To perform the funeral offices (_iūsta facere_) was, therefore, a solemn religious duty, devolving upon the surviving members of the family (§28), and the Latin words show that these marks of respect were looked upon as the right of the dead. In the case of a body lost at sea, or for any other reason unrecovered, the ceremonies were just as piously performed, an empty tomb (_cenotaphium_) being erected sometimes in honor of the dead. And these same rites the Roman was bound to perform, if he came anywhere upon the unburied corpse of a citizen, because all were members of the greater family of the commonwealth. In this case the scattering of three handfuls of dust over the body was sufficient for ceremonial burial and the happiness of the troubled spirit, if for any reason the body could not actually be interred.