into every transaction and added to the expense of the machinery by which trade was carried on. That the Indian trade should have been deflected to other quarters¹⁸⁷ where, owing to the existence of a common standard the situation trade had to deal with was immune from uncertainties, was readily admitted. But it was contended that there was no reason why, as a part of the segregation of commerce it should have been possible for the Indian manufacturer to oust his English rival from the Eastern markets to the extent he was able to do (_see_ Table XX, p. 106). [pg 106] ¹⁸⁶ Cf. The _Final Report of the Royal Commission on Gold and Silver_ Part I, pars. 99–101, for a summary of the argument. ¹⁸⁷ The distribution of Indian trade during this period was as follows:— _Distribution of Indian Trade_ Annual Average for each Quinquennium in Millions of Rupees. ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 1875–76 to 1879–80. 1880–81 to 1884–85. Countries ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Imports. Exports. Total. Imports. Exports. Total ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── United 323·68 278·15 601·83 434·45 344·22 778·67 Kingdom ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── China 14·05 132·27 146·32 19·23 134·94 154·17 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Japan ·02 ·33 ·35 ·19 2·09 2·28 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Ceylon 5·74 22·97 28·71 5·35 16·37 21·72 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Straits 10·83 26·11 36·94 15·88 33·65 49·53 Settlements ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Annual Average for each Quinquennium in Millions of Rupees.