[115: To it doubtless the epigram of Seneca applies (vol. iv. p. 69, Bährens): _oceanusque tuas ultra se respicit aras_. The temple too, which according to the satire of the same Seneca (viii. 3), was erected to Claudius during his lifetime in Britain, and the temple certainly identical therewith of the god Claudius in Camalodunum (Tacitus, _Ann._ xiv. 31), is probably to be taken not as a sanctuary for the town itself, but after the analogy of the shrines of Augustus at Lugudunum and Tarraco. The _delecti sacerdotes_, who _specie religionis omnes fortunas effundebant_, are the well-known provincial priests and purveyors of spectacles.] [116: The command stationed here was, at least in later times, without question the most important among the Britannic; and there is also mention here (for it is beyond doubt Eburacum that is in view) of a _Palatium_ (_Vita Severi_, 22). The _praetorium_, situated probably on the coast below Eburacum (_Itin. Ant._ p. 466), may have been the summer seat of the governor.] [117: None have been found to the north of Aldborough and Easingwold (both somewhat north of York). See Bruce, _The Roman Wall_, p. 61.] CHAPTER VI. THE DANUBIAN LANDS AND THE WARS ON THE DANUBE. [Sidenote: Arrangements of Augustus.] As the frontier on the Rhine was the work of Caesar, so the frontier on the Danube was the work of Augustus. When he came to the helm, the Romans were in the Italian peninsula hardly masters of the Alps, and in the Greek peninsula hardly masters of the Haemus (Balkan) and of the coast districts along the Adriatic and the Black Sea; nowhere did their territory reach the mighty stream which separates southern from northern Europe. As well northern Italy as the Illyrian and Pontic commercial towns, and still more the civilised provinces of Macedonia and Thrace, were constantly exposed to the predatory expeditions of the rude and restless neighbouring tribes. When Augustus died there were substituted for the one province of Illyricum, which had barely attained to independent administration, five great Roman administrative districts, Raetia, Noricum, Lower Illyria or Pannonia, Upper Illyria or Dalmatia, and Moesia; and the Danube became in its whole course, if not everywhere the military, at any rate the political, frontier of the empire. The comparatively easy subjugation of these wide territories, as well as the grave insurrection of the years 6-9, and the abandonment, thereby occasioned, of the formerly cherished purpose of shifting the boundary-line from the upper Danube to Bohemia and to the Elbe, have been formerly described. It remains that we should set forth the development of these provinces in the time after Augustus and the relations of the Romans to the tribes dwelling beyond the Danube. [Sidenote: Late civilisation in Raetia.]