[21: Tacitus, _Ann._ i. 9, and Dio, lvi. 26, attest the continuance of the state of war; but nothing at all is reported from the nominal campaigns of the summers of 12, 13, and 14, and the expedition of the autumn of 14 appears as the first undertaken by Germanicus. It is true that Germanicus had been proclaimed as Imperator probably even in the lifetime of Augustus (_Mon. Ancyr._ p. 17); but there is nothing to hinder our referring this to the campaign of the year 11, in which Germanicus commanded with proconsular power alongside of Tiberius (Dio, lvi. 25). In the year 12 he was in Rome for the administration of the consulate, which he retained throughout the year, and which was still at that time treated in earnest; this explains why Tiberius, as has now been proved (Hermann Schulz, _Quaest. Ovidianae_, Greifswald, 1883, p. 15), still went to Germany in the year 12, and resigned his Rhenish command only at the beginning of the year 13, on the celebration of the Pannonian victory.] [22: The hypothesis of Schmidt (_Westfäl. Zeitschrift_, xx. p. 301)--that the first battle was fought on the Idistavisian field somewhere near Bückeburg, and the second, on account of the morasses mentioned on the occasion, perhaps on the Steinhudersee, near the village of Bergkirchen, which lies to the south of this--will not be far removed from the truth, and may at least help us to realise the matter. In this, as in most of the accounts of battles by Tacitus, we must despair of reaching an assured result.] [23: The statement of Tacitus (_Ann._ ii. 45), that this was properly a war of the republicans against the monarchists, is probably not free from a wish to transfer Hellenico-Roman views to the very different Germanic world. So far as the war had an ethico-political tendency, it would be called forth not by the _nomen regis_, as Tacitus says, but by the _certum imperium visque regia_ of Velleius (ii. 108).] CHAPTER II. SPAIN. [Sidenote: Conclusion of the conquest.]