[46] This is proved by the detached notice from Arrian in Suidas (_s. v._ ἐπίκλημα): ὁ δὲ Πάκορος ὁ Παρθυαίων βασιλεὺς καὶ ἄλλα τινὰ ἐπικλήματα ἐπέφερε Τραιανῷ τῷ βασιλεῖ, and by the attention which is devoted in Pliny’s report to the emperor, written about the year 112 (_ad Trai._ 74), to the relations between Pacorus and the Dacian king Decebalus. The time of the reign of this Parthian king cannot be sufficiently fixed. There are no Parthian coins with the king’s name from the whole period of Trajan; the coining of silver seems to have been in abeyance during that period. [47] That Axidares (or Exedares) was a son of Pacorus and king of Armenia before Parthomasiris, but had been deposed by Chosroes, is shown by the remnants of Dio’s account, lxviii. 17; and to this point also the two fragments of Arrian (16 Müller), the first, probably from an address of a supporter of the interests of Axidares to Trajan: Ἀξιδάρην δὲ ὅτι ἄρχειν χρὴ Ἀρμενίας, οὔ μοι δοκεῖ εἶναί σε ἀμφίλογον, whereupon doubtless the complaints brought against Parthomasiris followed; and the answer, evidently of the emperor, that it is not the business of Axidares, but his, to judge as to Parthomasiris, because he--apparently Axidares--had first broken the treaty and suffered for it. What fault the emperor imputes to Axidares is not clear; but in Dio also Chosroes says that he has not satisfied either the Romans or the Parthians. [48] The remnants of Dio’s account in Xiphilinus and Zonaras show clearly that the Parthian expedition falls into two campaigns, the first (Dio, lvi. 17, 1, 18, 2, 23-25), which is fixed at A.D. 115 by the consulate of Pedo (the date also of Malalas, p. 275, for the earthquake of Antioch, 13 Dec. 164 of the Antiochene era = A.D. 115 agrees therewith), and the second (Dio, c. 26-32, 3), which is fixed at A.D. 116 by the conferring of the title _Parthicus_ (c. 28, 2), took place between April and August of that year (see my notice in Droysen, _Hellenismus_, iii. 2, 361). That at c. 23 the titles _Optimus_ (conferred in the course of A.D. 114) and _Parthicus_ are mentioned out of the order of time, is shown as well by their juxtaposition as by the later recurrence of the second honour. Of the fragments most belong to the first campaign; c. 22, 3 and probably also 22, 1, 2 to the second.--The acclamations of _imperator_ do not stand in the way. Trajan was demonstrably in the year 113 imp. VI. (_C. I. L._ vi. 960); in the year 114 imp. VII. (_C. I. L._ ix. 1558 _et al._); in the year 115 imp. IX. (_C. I. L._ ix. 5894 _et al._), and imp. XI. (Fabretti, 398, 289 _et al._); in the year 116 imp. XII. (_C. I. L._ viii. 621, x. 1634), and XIII. (_C. I. L._ iii. D. xxvii.). Dio attests an acclamation from the year 115 (lxviii. 19), and one from the year 116 (lxviii. 28); there is ample room for both, and there is no reason to refer imp. VII. precisely, as has been attempted, to the subjugation of Armenia.