We have _a_ + _b_ responded to by r_{1} + r_{2}, _a_ + _g_ " " r_{1} + r_{7}, _a_ + _l_ " " r_{1} + r_{12}, _a_ + _q_ " " r_{1} + r_{17}, _a_ + _v_ " " r_{1} + r_{22}, and _a_ + _B_ " " r_{1} + r_{27}, as shown in Scheme I. Scheme I _a_ _b_ _g_ _l_ _q_ _v_ _B_ r_{1} 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 r_{2} 1 1 r_{7} 1 1 r_{12} 1 1 r_{17} 1 1 r_{22} 1 1 r_{27} 1 1 _a_ is thus responded to by r_{1} (that is, connected with r_{1}) each time, or six in all, but only once each with _b_, _g_, _l_, _q_, _v_, and _B_. _b_, _g_, _l_, _q_, _v_, and _B_ are connected once each with r_{1} and once respectively with r_{2}, r_{7}, r_{12}, etc. The bond from _a_ to r_{1}, has had six times as much exercise as the bond from _a_ to r_{2}, or from _a_ to r_{7}, etc. In any new gross situation, _a_ 0, _a_ will be more predominant in determining response than it would otherwise have been; and r_{1} will be more likely to be made than r_{2}, r_{7}, r_{12}, etc., the other previous associates in the response to a situation containing _a_. That is, the bond from the element _a_ to the response r_{1} has been notably strengthened. Case II. Contrasting Concomitants Now suppose that _b_ and _g_ are very dissimilar elements (_e.g._, white and black), that _l_ and _q_ are very dissimilar (_e.g._, long and short), and that _v_ and _B_ are also very dissimilar. To be very dissimilar means to be responded to very differently, so that r_{7}, the response to _g_, will be very unlike r_{2}, the response to _b_. So r_{7} may be thought of as r_{not 2} or r_{-2}. In the same way r_{12} may be thought of as r_{not 12} or r_{-12}, and r_{27} may be called r_{not 22} or r_{-22}. Then, if the situations _a_ _b_, _a _g_, _a _l_, _a _q_, _a _v_, and _a_ _B_ are responded to, each once, we have:-- _a_ + _b_ responded to by r_{1} + r_{2}, _a_ + _g_ " " r_{1} + r_{not 2}, _a_ + _l_ " " r_{1} + r_{12}, _a_ + _q_ " " r_{1} + r_{not 12}, _a_ + _v_ " " r_{1} + r_{22}, and _a_ + _B_ " " r_{1} + r_{not 22}, as shown in Scheme II. Scheme II _a_ _b_ _g_ _l_ _q_ _v_ _B_ (opp. of _b_) (opp. of _l_) (opp. of _v_) r_{1} 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 r_{not 1} r_{2} 1 1 r_{not 2} 1 1 r_{12} 1 1 r_{not 12} 1 1 r_{22} 1 1 r_{not 22} 1 1