The Psychology of ArithmeticThorndike, Edward L. (Edward Lee)
Science
The Psychology of Arithmetic
Thorndike, Edward L. (Edward Lee)
Arithmetic -- Study and teaching
In some cases learning such words and facts only to use them in solving
a certain sort of problems and then forget them may be profitable. The
practice is, however, exceedingly risky. It is true that everybody does
in fact forget many such meanings and facts, but this commonly means
either that they should not have been learned at all at the time that
they were learned, or that they should have been learned more
permanently, or that details should have been learned with the
expectation that they themselves would be forgotten but that a general
fact or attitude would remain. For example, duodecagon should not be
learned at all in the elementary school; indorsement should either not
be learned at all there, or be learned for permanence of a year or more;
the details of the metric system should be so taught as to leave for
several years at least knowledge of the facts that there is a system so
named that is important, whose tables go by tens, hundreds, or
thousands, and a tendency (not necessarily strong) to connect meter,
kilogram, and liter with measurement by the metric system and with
approximate estimates of their several magnitudes.
If an arithmetical procedure seems to require accessory bonds which are
to be forgotten, once the procedure is mastered, we should be suspicious
of the value of the procedure itself. If pupils forget what compound
interest is, we may be sure that they will usually also have forgotten
how to compute it. Surely there is waste if they have learned what it is
only to learn how to compute it only to forget how to compute it!
THE STRENGTH OF BONDS CONCERNING THE REASONS FOR ARITHMETICAL PROCESSES
The next case of the formation of bonds to slight strength is the
problematic one of forming the bonds involved in understanding the
reasons for certain processes only to forget them after the process has
become a habit. Should a pupil, that is, learn why he inverts and
multiplies, only to forget it as soon as he can be trusted to divide by
a fraction? Should he learn why he puts the units figure of each partial
product in multiplication under the figure that he multiplies by, only
to forget the reason as soon as he has command of the process? Should he
learn why he gets the number of square inches in a rectangle by
multiplying the length by the width, both being expressed in linear
inches, and forget why as soon as he is competent to make computations
of the areas of rectangles?
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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