As in the English system of collecting pelts there are all stages of liming, skins containing from 1.5 to 9 per cent. CaO on the dry skin, it is not surprising that considerable difficulty was experienced in keeping the puering uniform. Skins containing over 3 per cent. CaO on the dry skin, seem to require a real putrefactive action in order to “bring them down” sufficiently, or it may be that their alkalinity is too great to allow the bating enzymes to act properly. It may here be said that if the fibres of skin are actually damaged by excessive action of lime or any other chemical, no subsequent treatment is of avail to remedy the defects. Shearling pelts were excellent when puered with erodin, a further proof that the alkalinity is of importance, since these pelts do not require so much lime as “old fells” to bring them into proper condition for splitting. For sheep and calf skins treated from the market condition and consequently containing a uniform amount of lime--2–3 per cent.--the process is quite reliable, and is in practical use on a large scale. Goat skins have been successfully bated with erodin by treating them in a concentrated liquor in a drum,[138] instead of a paddle, the mechanical effect of the drumming enabling the bate to penetrate the hard and compact skin, while the more concentrated solution of the enzymes attacks the so-called “beard,” and renders the skins as supple as sheep skins bated in a paddle. [138] One litre of erodin stock liquor (1 part erodin, 40 parts water) were used per kilo drained washed pelt, in the drum for 1-1/2 hours. In some cases less than 1 litre sufficed. It may be of interest to give here some of the results of the early trials of erodin in a tabular form, due to the late Franz Kathreiner. They are a further proof of the thoroughness with which he carried out all his work. LEATHER, N.F. AND KALOCHROM. Date of Trial, Nov. 22, 1898.