Kritik der Evangelien. (Criticism of the Gospels.) 2 vols., 1850‐1851, Berlin. Kritik der Apostelgeschichte. (Criticism of Acts.) 1850. Kritik der Paulinischen Briefe. Berlin, 1850‐1852. In three parts. Philo, Strauss, Renan und das Urchristentum. (P., S., R., and Primitive Christianity.) Berlin, 1874. 155 pp. Christus und die Cäsaren. Der Ursprung des Christentums aus dem römischen Griechentum. (The Origin of Christianity from Graeco‐ Roman Civilisation.) Berlin, 1877. 387 pp. Bruno Bauer was born in 1809 at Eisenberg, in the duchy of Sachsen‐ Altenburg. In philosophy, he was at first associated entirely with the Hegelian “right.” Like Strauss, he received a strong impulse from Vatke. At this stage of his development he reviewed, in 1835 and 1836, Strauss’s Life of Jesus in the _Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Kritik_, and wrote in 1838 a “Criticism of the History of Revelation.”(89) In 1834 he had become Privat‐Docent in Berlin, but in 1839 he removed to Bonn. He was then in the midst of that intellectual crisis of which the evidence appeared in his critical works on John and the Synoptics. In August 1841 the Minister, Eichhorn, requested the Faculties of the Prussian Universities to report on the question whether Bauer should be allowed to retain the _venia docendi_. Most of them returned an evasive answer, Königsberg replied in the affirmative, and Bonn in the negative. In March 1842 Bauer was obliged to cease lecturing, and retired to Rixdorf near Berlin. In the first heat of his furious indignation over this treatment he wrote a work with the title “Christianity Exposed,”(90) which, however, was cancelled before publication at Zurich in 1843. He then turned his attention to secular history and wrote on the French Revolution, on Napoleon, on the Illuminism of the Eighteenth Century, and on the party struggles in Germany during the years 1842‐1846. At the beginning of the ’fifties he returned to theological subjects, but failed to exercise any influence. His work was simply ignored. Radical though he was in spirit, Bauer found himself fighting, at the end of the ’fifties and beginning of the ’sixties, in the ranks of the Prussian Conservatives—we are reminded how Strauss in the Würtemberg Chamber was similarly forced to side with the reactionaries. He died in 1882. His was a pure, modest, and lofty character. At the time of his removal from Berlin to Bonn he was just at the end of the twenties, that critical age when pupils often surprise their teachers, when men begin to find themselves and show what they are, not merely what they have been taught.