to the possible change which may follow on the part of other railroads as a consequence of his reduction. "It will, therefore, naturally be seen that the railroad official and the shipper are constantly planning to increase the business in which they are jointly interested, to the disadvantage of the rival railroad and shipper. Sometimes these efforts result in serious rate wars until the point in controversy has been adjusted and the competitive rates placed on a basis which is more nearly equitable to all concerned. In many instances these disputes result in arbitration either by the Interstate Commerce Commission or by individuals who may be agreed upon by the contending interests. "Bearing in mind, therefore, that practically all rate reductions are the result of the effort of the railroad company to serve the shipper, it can easily be seen what the result will be if no advances in rates can be made without practically the approval of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Where it is difficult to restore rates to normal figures, the carrier will be loath to reduce them in order that the shipper dependent upon such carrier may increase, for the time being, his share in the competitive traffic in which he is interested." ADJUSTMENT OF RATES.--INTERRELATION OF RATES.--PRACTICAL OPERATION OF AMENDMENT. 6. The subject of rate adjustment, even upon a single system of transportation, is one involving great difficulty and perplexity. When this adjustment is considered in its relation to the entire country, to the diversified commercial conditions, as affected by commercial competition, and as controlled by the interrelation of rates, it stands forth as one of the most difficult of all the problems which must be mastered that the transportation agencies may not be injuriously crippled in the performance of their quasi public functions, or the prosperity and development of the commercial interests be retarded by the failure to enact proper, reasonable, and just governmental regulations.