Subirrigation and seepage combined make the most perfect irrigation for a raisin vineyard, with advantages that can in no other way be attained: absence of distribution ditches, which take up valuable land and which cost money to keep clean from weeds; less growth of weeds on the surface of the ground; greater mellowness of the top soil and less work in plowing generally; a greater and more uniform supply of moisture, which, instead of being near the top of the ground, is accumulated deeper down, thus causing the roots to go down instead of spreading near the surface; no expensive irrigation, which will require plowing every time after the water is spread on the surface; a greater coolness of the ground and a lower temperature generally, which shows itself in a more vigorous growth of the vines, a greater supply of grapes and less danger from sunburn. These and many more are the advantages of subirrigation and seepage combined. To attain them in a raisin vineyard, no labor and reasonable cost should be spared. [Illustration: Raisin-grape Picking at Riverside.] _Drainage._--Drainage is necessary in all vineyards where large quantities of water are used for irrigation, and principally at the very time that subirrigation begins. Thus in Fresno county the best raisin vineyards are those in which the land is both subirrigated and drained. When irrigation commences in any certain district, no one thinks of drainage as a possibility, and great carelessness is shown in locating ditches and other irrigation works. But in a few years, when the soil is full of water which finds no outlet, drainage becomes both necessary and desirable. A very successful and highly necessary drain has been constructed through a part of the Fresno district, which so filled up with water during the rainy winter of 1883-84 that much of the ground could not be plowed until late in the spring. The drain remedied the evil and drained the soil, and the vineyards grown there are now counted among the best and most profitable. The water thus drained off lowered the water level from six to seven feet. In very dry seasons this ditch is filled with water, and serves then to keep the soil moist through seepage or subirrigation.