In one year one of these succeeded, with the aid of this phosphate, in raising the crop of an acre of Sultana grapes from a very poor yield to over eight tons. The grapes were grown on a piece of sandy soil of the kind well known to Fresno vine-growers, and which is generally considered as less suited to raisins, lacking in fact in more than one of the necessary qualities of a good raisin soil. It is certainly a wrong policy to crop the soil until the grape crops begin to fail. The soil will then be so exhausted of several of its ingredients, that it will take the most scientific treatment to bring it back again to what it was formerly, and it is even questionable if this could be done in a way that would prove profitable. Experience in Spain teaches that vineyards which formerly used to yield from eight to ten tons of green grapes to the acre now, after years of neglect, only yield two tons to the acre, and even with expensive manuring can in no way be brought back to their former fertility. On the other hand, we know that vineyards which have been fertilized from the beginning have for fifty years been kept up in apparently as good condition as at first; it is accordingly this method that must be recommended. The manure or fertilizer must be varied occasionally. In rotation, phosphates, bone dust, guano, stable manure, sheep manure, lime and plaster of Paris or gypsum may be used, but it is best to have every variety of soil in the vineyard analyzed, and to apply from year to year that kind of fertilizer which is particularly needed. The phosphates are those which will first give out in our California soils. Phosphates must therefore be considered as the best fertilizers we can use, but the quantity to be used must always be determined by a practical chemist. Of these chemical fertilizers, it is dangerous to use too much, as they might injure the vines, and from fifty to a few hundred pounds to the acre may in some instances suffice and produce better crops than would four or five times as much. But, regardless of chemical fertilizers, the cautious raisin-grower should endeavor to return to the soil as much as he possibly can out of the wastes of his crop. The refuse of stems and berries, which are wasted at the stemmer and in the packing-house, should not be burned, as is generally the case, but returned to the vineyard, and applied one year on one piece of ground, and another year on some other piece. If, however, these wastes must be used as fuel in the dryer, etc., the ashes should be carefully collected and spread over the soil, and kept dry and shaded until thus used.