The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and TechnologyLevy, Stanley Isaac
Science
The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and Technology
Levy, Stanley Isaac
Rare earths
By repeated evaporation of the oxychloride with small quantities of
water, a ‘metazirconium chloride’ is obtained, which dissolves in water
to a colloidal solution, and on dialysis yields a colloidal solution of
‘metazirconic acid.’
The _bromide_, ZrBr₄, very closely resembles the chloride; when treated
with water it forms the oxybromide, which separates from solution
according to the conditions in various hydrated forms, of which the
commonest is the octohydrate, ZrOBr₂,8H₂O. The _iodide_, ZrI₄, is a very
reactive body, which closely resembles the preceding; it forms an
oxyiodide, ZrOI₂,8H₂O.
_Zirconyl chlorate_, ZrO(ClO₃)₂,6H₂O, is obtained from the sulphate by
double decomposition with barium chlorate; it forms very soluble
colourless needles. Alkali iodates or iodic acid throw down a voluminous
_oxyiodate_, very sparingly soluble, like the corresponding ceric and
thorium salts, in water and acids.
_The Sulphates._--When zirconium dioxide is dissolved in concentrated
sulphuric acid, and the excess of acid removed by heating to 400°, the
‘neutral’ sulphate, Zr(SO₄)₂, remains. The compound dissolves in dilute
sulphuric acid to form solutions which contain various ‘complexes’ as
shown by conductivity measurements, and the behaviour towards oxalic
acid. Whilst solutions of the nitrate or chloride give immediate
precipitates with this reagent, solutions of the ‘sulphate’ give no
precipitate, or at most a very gradual one; moreover, addition of
sulphuric acid or of alkali sulphates to other zirconium salts inhibits
the oxalate precipitation. These facts are explained by regarding the
‘neutral’ sulphate, Zr(SO₄)₂,4H₂O, as zirconylsulphuric acid,
ZrOSO₄,H₂SO₄,3H₂O, which in solution ionises to 2H^{.} and ZrOSO₄,SO₄´´.
This conclusion is confirmed by the fact that whilst in solutions of the
chloride in hydrochloric acid, zirconium goes on electrolysis to the
cathode, on addition of sulphuric acid to the solution it travels to the
anode. The anhydrous compound and the hydrate are extremely soluble in
water, but much less readily soluble in dilute sulphuric acid. Probably
in solution more complex salts are formed by further hydrolysis, for by
addition of concentrated alkali sulphate solution in the cold, double
salts of the formula Zr₂O₃(RSO₄)₂,8H₂O are obtained. When the solution
is kept for some time at 39°-40°, a basic sulphate, 4ZrO₂,3SO₃,14H₂O,
separates slowly. When concentrated solutions are boiled, a salt,
2ZrO₂,3SO₃,5H₂O, separates as a crystalline precipitate; in contact with
water it slowly hydrates itself to the compound 2ZrO₂,3SO₃,14H₂O; when
heated to 300°, it becomes anhydrous without further change. Various
other basic, acid and complex salts have also been described.
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