The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and TechnologyLevy, Stanley Isaac
Science
The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and Technology
Levy, Stanley Isaac
Rare earths
From aqueous solution the octohydrate, ThCl₄,8H₂O, separates at ordinary
temperatures; a heptahydrate and an enneahydrate have been described as
precipitated from the alcoholic solution by addition of water. The
_basic salts_, Th(OH)Cl₃,7H₂O and Th(OH)₂Cl₂,5H₂O, have been obtained
by addition of the hydroxide to alcoholic hydrogen chloride. The
_oxychloride_, ThOCl₂, may be obtained by the carefully regulated action
of carbon tetrachloride on the dioxide, according to the equation:
ThO₂ + CCl₄ = ThOCl₂ + COCl₂
It is a colourless crystalline solid, which takes up moisture from the
air, forming the hexahydrate.
_Thorium bromide_, ThBr₄, is a volatile solid which boils at 725°; it
closely resembles the chloride. The _iodide_ and a _basic iodide_,
Th(OH)I₃,10H₂O, are known.
No cyanide of thorium is known, addition of potassium cyanide merely
causing separation of the hydroxide. A _ferrocyanide_, Th[Fe(CN)₆],4H₂O,
is thrown down as a white powder by potassium ferrocyanide; with
potassium ferricyanide no precipitate is obtained. The _platinocyanide_,
Th[Pt(CN)₄]₂,16H₂O, is obtained by double decomposition in
yellowish-brown prisms.
Among the halogen oxysalts, the _perchlorate_, _chlorate_, _bromate_,
and _iodate_ were prepared by Cleve. The iodate is of great importance
for purposes of detection and estimation, from the fact that, in
presence of a large excess of alkali iodate, it is insoluble in strong
nitric acid, whilst the analogous compounds of the rare earth elements
dissolve readily in that solvent.
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