Another factor contributing to the spread of the Reformation in Poland was the art of printing. The first printed book, Gutenberg’s Bible, appeared from the press at Munich in the year 1455. Ten years later books in the Latin language were printed in Cracow by a certain Gunther Zainer, who, it is claimed, had been invited to Cracow by the University.[188] Later Zainer is said to have removed to Augsburg, where he was to open a permanent printing establishment.[189] The earliest known print struck off in Cracow was a calendar for the year 1474, Calendarium anni Domini 1474 currentis, a copy of which is preserved in the library of the University of Cracow.[190] Immediately following this publication there appeared two editions of Joannis de Turrecremata Explanatio in Psalterium Davidi, the first in 1473-1474, the second in 1475. Until recently this book was regarded as the earliest publication printed in Poland.[191] Contemporaneously with Turrecremata’s work there appeared from the press in Cracow two other interesting books, namely, St. Augustine’s Opuscula, de doctrina christiana, de praedestinatione Sanctorum (1473-1474), and Franciscus de Platea’s Opus restitutionem, usurarum et excommunicationum (1475).[192] Books in the Slavic language in cyrilic characters were printed in Cracow as early as 1491 by a certain enterprising German printer from Neustadt, Franconia, by the name of Schwaipolt Fiol.[193] In 1492 Fiol was summoned before an ecclesiastical court to be tried for openly expressing heretical opinions. After that nothing more is heard of his printing and publishing activity.[194] The first Polish book was printed in Breslau in 1475. Its title was Statuta synodalia Wratislawiensia episcopi Conradi Oelsnensis, item statuta episcoporum Petri Nowak et Rudolphi Ruedesheimii, and it contained in Polish the Lord’s Prayer, Ave Maria, and the Apostles’ Creed. A copy of this book is to be found in the British Museum.[195] Whatever printing was done in Cracow in the second half of the fifteenth century was, however, sporadic. Permanent printing and publishing business had not been established until the beginning of the sixteenth century. This was first accomplished in 1503 by John Haller, a merchant of Cracow, who imported a printer from Metz, Caspar Hochfeder by name, with all necessary equipment. Chmielowski claims that Hochfeder was the printer who had previously been in Cracow and had printed Turrecremata’s, Augustine’s, and de Platea’s works, and not Zainer. It is also known that in this undertaking Haller was assisted by Georg Stuchs von Sulzbach. From this time on Cracow had a permanent printing establishment, owned and managed by John Haller. This enterprising merchant owned also a paper mill and maintained a bookstore.[196] After Haller’s death in 1525 the business was efficiently carried on by his widow, and merited a considerable degree of renown.[197]