Striking as is the foregoing picture, it is necessary, in order to make it still more realistic, to supplement it with a number of details. It is necessary to bear in mind that the statistics here cited, giving the landed wealth of the Polish church in the sixteenth century, are minimum statistics; that while they are the best we have of the period, they are not always complete for every province; and that they do not include the private properties cultivated by serf labor. These statistics are based on Income Registers of the Commonwealth Treasury. They invariably give only minimum property figures, and only for properties from which contributions were actually collected, omitting those that succeeded in evading the payment of these contributions.[321] Then, too, they are not always complete. For instance, the extent of the church’s landed property in Great Poland is calculated on the basis of statistics for only six out of the eight palatinates.[322] For the Palatinates of Sieradz and Wieluń there are no figures. Yet we know that they, too, included church lands; for the Prebendary of Płock was prince of Wieluń. Nor do our statistics include the principality of Warmia. We know, also, that the bishop of Warmia was prince of that principality. Due to the same fact, the real extent of church lands in the eastern provinces is likewise somewhat uncertain. Moreover, as has already been stated, the foregoing statistics do not include private lands cultivated by serf labor; for gentlemen paid no land tax from the “łany” which they exploited directly by means of forced labor. They give only estates cultivated by tenant peasants. The tax known as “łanowe” or “poradlne” was paid by peasants only. The private estates of the clergy and of the nobility, cultivated by serf labor, were free from this tax,[323] and consequently not listed in the tax registers. In the fourteenth and the first half of the fifteenth century the “łany” of the peasants were a great deal more extensive than the demesne estates of the nobility, clerical and lay. In the sixteenth century the peasant lands and the demesne estates were about equal in area. By the seventeenth century the ratio was inverted, greatly to the peasants’ disadvantage.[324] In no way, then, is our picture of the extent of the Polish church’s landed property in sixteenth century Poland overdrawn. On the contrary, it need be supplemented in a number of details. Its lines can safely be still more sharply and clearly drawn, making the picture still more striking. It is estimated that in France the landed property of the church constituted from one-fifth to one-fourth of the lands of the country;[325] in Poland, according to Dr. Kubala, the lands of the church constituted one-third of the entire landed property of the commonwealth in the sixteenth century.[326] As late as 1791, after a considerable portion of ecclesiastical lands had already been sold in