Universities--when founded, 151; expeditions of Pennsylvania University, 134. Vatican--manuscript referred to, 44, 53; described, 64, 65; on vellum, 52-54, 61; depository of, 64; Library, 64, 169, 170. Vellum--described, 61; Bible MSS on, 52-54, 61. Versions--of the Bible, 35-39, 45; Septuagint, 141. Volume--earliest form of books, 61-65, 68; size of, 68, 69, 139; first writing on one side of, 61, 138; larger works divided, 139, 140; roll-books designated by letters, 140. Wage--for scribe in time of Diocletian, 31. "Water marks"--impressed in fiber of paper, 55, 56; old custom and test of genuineness of documents, 56, 57. Writing--materials used and changes in, 46-48, 50, 52-58, 60, 70, 71, 78; instruments adaptable to, 87; inks, 83-86; art and science of, 89, 90; modern neglect of the art, 90; "crystalized" speech, 90, 91; development of, 91, 92; picture writing, 20, 91-98; the three great "species" of, 92-- (1) _Hieroglyphic_, 91-99; two classes of: "ideographic" and "phonetic," 94-96; distinctions of "hieratic" and "demotic," 70, 94, 98, 99; the Rosetta Stone the "key" to the early Egyptian writing, 94, 98, 99; clumsy and uncertain, 97, 98; (2) _Cuneiform_, 99-104; Dr. Grotefend's decipherment of, 103; tablets and cylinders, 79-82; Tel-el-Amarna tablets and the Hammurabi monument, 79, 80; (3) _Alphabetic_, 104-112; origin of, 91, 92, 105, 106; oldest deciphered, 108-110; the undeciphered Minoan script, 108; Moabite Stone and Siloam Inscription, 108-112; Phœnician contribution to alphabetic literature, 105-108; the pre-exilic of Palestine, 111; classic writing, 112-117; development of national and provincial "hands," 112-117; "uncial" and "cursive" "hands," 113, 114; Anglo-Saxon "hand," 115, 116; changes in the direction of writing, 116, 117; style of writing a verisimilitude of genuineness, 117-119; determining age of composition, 118, 119; compared and contrasted with printing, 27-32, 138. Young (Dr.)--labors in deciphering the Rosetta Stone and the Egyptian hieroglyphics, 98, 99. "Zero"--the cipher completing the system of notation, 126; when and by whom added, 126. FOOTNOTES: [1] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, p. 119. [2] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, p. 121. [3] Middle Ages, vol. 1, p. 7. [4] International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, art. "Books." [5] Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition). [6] Authors and Their Public, pp. 63, 106. [7] International Standard Bible Ency., art. "Books." [8] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, pp. 13, 14. [9] The Conquest of Mexico, Vol. 1, p. 111. [10] Amenities of Literature. [11] The Near East, p. 40.