The Relations of Science and Religion: The Morse Lecture, 1880Calderwood, Henry
Religion
The Relations of Science and Religion: The Morse Lecture, 1880
Calderwood, Henry
Religion and science
The prevailing view of our nature, however, recognizes more in it than
bone, muscle, nerve, and cellular tissue, while observational science
is capable of recognizing no more than these, so that, if there be any
thing more, it is quite beyond the range of physical science, and within
the territory of mental philosophy. Here then, is preparation for
conflict, which may be accepted as inevitable, because of the advance of
science. The occasion for this expectation should, however, be fully
understood. Its certainty may be maintained on two obvious grounds. The
first is concerned with the history of scientific progress. Science is
pushing its way up the extended scale of existence with no exact
knowledge of its own limits; knowing what its achievements have been,
animated to a high degree by the vastness of the problems still before
it, but knowing nothing quite definite as to its own boundaries. The
aggressive force of science at such a stage must be great. On the other
hand, there is a large body of settled conviction, which has swayed men
and moulded society in all ages, which is an opposing force operating on
that very line along which science is advancing, and which must be
encountered whenever man's place in the universe becomes the subject of
inquiry. This opposing conviction is not necessarily religious in type,
though it is supported by the whole range of thought concerned with the
supernatural. The conviction here referred to, as lying more obviously
across the path on which science is travelling, is that concerned with
the personality of man, with the rights and responsibilities of
individuals, implying accepted conclusions on which the government, and
police, and administration of affairs in every nation are based. It
must, then, be clearly recognized that the conflict anticipated as
inevitable is the conflict of knowledge of one order, with knowledge of
a different order. It is conflict of knowledge obtained by the slow and
difficult processes available to science, with knowledge possessed by
all, applied in the regulation of individual and social life, and
systematized in the annals of mental philosophy; or, we may more nearly
describe the condition of matters by saying that the occasion of
conflict is the determination of science to include all within its own
area, rather than the possession of actual knowledge as to the highest
order of life, for science is only seeking, and can not profess to have
found, an explanation of the functions of human life, as it can profess
to have done in the case of lower orders. There could, therefore, be no
more mistaken representation of the pending conflict than the allegation
that it is a conflict of knowledge with ignorance. To put it in the best
light for science, it is the conflict of one kind of knowledge with
another; but there is a nearer approach to accuracy if we say that the
conflict is occasioned by the _want of verified conclusions_ within the
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