St. Augustine’s criticism of the famous passage in the _Eunuchus_ of Terence (Act iii. sc. 5), where Chærea is encouraged in his clandestine amour by a picture of Jupiter and Danaë, is, of course, painfully justified by the facts as reported by the dramatist. (_Confessiones_, lib. i.) [53] PLATO: _Phædo_, 69 B. [54] “Before the fifth century, philosophy had been _entirely_ physical or metaphysical.”—Sir A. GRANT: _Aristotle_. (Essay already quoted.) The word italicized is surely too sweeping. (The thought is repeated with some qualification on page 67.) Cf. DIOGENES LAERTIUS: i. 18, and i. 13. CICERO: _Tusc. Quæst._, v. 4; _Acad._, i. 4, 15. ARISTOTLE speaks with greater truth and moderation.—_Metaph._, i. 6. The distinction between Socrates and previous philosophers lies not so much in the fact that they were not ethical philosophers as that he was not a physical philosopher. [55] HEROD. i. 75. Cf. the amusing story told by Plutarch (_De Sollertia Animalium_, 971 B, C), in which a mule laden with salt lightens its load in crossing a river by soaking its packages well under the water. Thales enters the ranks against the clever mule, and comes off easy winner by giving him a load of _sponges and wool_. [56] HEROD. i. 170. Cf. PLUTARCH: _Cum Principibus Viris Philosopho esse disserendum_, 779 A. [57] RITTER and PRELLER, p. 10. (Quoting SIMPLICIUS: _Physica_, 6, a.) [58] SIMPLICIUS: _Physica_. (Quoted by RITTER and PRELLER, p. 10.) [59] “Heraclitus used to say that Homer, and Archilochus as well, ought to be expelled from the Contests and cudgelled.”—_D. L._, ix. 1. [60] See PLUTARCH: _Adversus Coloten_, 118 C; and STOBÆUS: _Anthologion_, v. 119, and iii. 84. (Vol. i. pp. 94 and 104.—_Tauchnitz_ Edition.) [61] PLUTARCH: _De Exilio_, 604 A. [62] DIOGENES LAERTIUS, ii. 6. [63] ALEX. APHROD: _De Fato_, ii., quoted by RITTER and PRELLER, p. 28. Cf. PSEUDO-PLUTARCH: _De Placitis Philosophorum_, 885 C, D. [64] ARISTOTLE: _Metaphysics_, i. 3. [65] RITTER and PRELLER, p. 52.—Cf. UEBERWEG on Leucippus and Democritus, “The ethical end of man is happiness, which is attained through justice and culture.” [66] _Magna Moralia_, i. 1, and i. 34. Cf. ARISTOTLE: _Eth. Nich._, v. 5.—“The Pythagoreans defined the just to be simply retaliation—and Rhadamanthus (in Æschylus) appears to assert that justice is this: ‘that the punishment will be equitable when a man suffers the same thing as he has done.’” (Thomas Taylor’s translation of _The Works of Aristotle_.) [67] UEBERWEG, p. 47. See also citations in last note. [68] _How_ fruitful, the whole Attic Tragedy demonstrates. [69] RITTER and PRELLER, p. 79 (from CLEMENS ALEXANDRINUS). [70] Cf. MARLOWE’S _Dr. Faustus_:—