The religions of ancient Egypt and BabyloniaSayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry)
Religion
The religions of ancient Egypt and Babylonia
Sayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry)
Assyro-Babylonian religion; Egypt -- Religion
The Pyramid texts show the same combination of the doctrines of the
Osirian creed with those of the solar cult as the Book of the Dead.(152)
But the combination is that of two mutually exclusive systems of theology
which have been brought forcibly side by side without any attempt being
made to fuse them into a harmonious whole. They display the usual tendency
of the Egyptian mind to accept the new without discarding the old, and
without troubling to consider how the new and old can be fitted together.
It was enough to place them side by side; those who did not think the
Osirian creed sufficient to ensure salvation, had the choice of the solar
creed offered them with its prayers and incantations to the sun-god. But
it was not an alternative choice; the heaven of the solar bark in its
passage through the world of the night was attached to the heaven of Alu
with its fields lighted by the sun of day.
It is evident that the chapters which introduce the doctrines of the solar
cult are a later addition to the original Book of the Dead. That was the
text-book of the Osirian soul, with whose beliefs the doctrines of the
solar cult were absolutely incompatible. While the one taught that the
dead, without distinction, passed to the judgment-hall of Osiris, where,
after being acquitted, as much on moral as on religious grounds, they were
admitted to a paradise of light and happiness, the other maintained that
only a chosen few, who were rich and learned enough to be provided with
the necessary theological formulæ, were received in the solar bark as it
glided along the twelve hours of the night, thus becoming companions of
the sun-god in his passage through a realm of darkness that was peopled by
demoniac forms. The Osirian and solar creeds issued from two wholly
different religious systems, and the introduction of conceptions derived
from the latter into the Book of the Dead, however subordinate may be the
place which they occupy, indicates a revision of the original work. It was
not until the book had gained a predominant position in Egyptian religious
thought that it would have been needful to incorporate into it the ideas
of a rival theology. But the incorporation had taken place long before the
Pyramid texts were compiled, perhaps before the day when Menes united the
two kingdoms of Egypt into one.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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