The religions of ancient Egypt and BabyloniaSayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry)
Religion
The religions of ancient Egypt and Babylonia
Sayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry)
Assyro-Babylonian religion; Egypt -- Religion
But while, on the one hand, there is continuity between the religious
thought of ancient Egypt and the religious thought of the world of to-day,
there is also continuity, on the other hand, between the religion of Egypt
and that of primitive Babylonia. In the course of these lectures I have
more than once pointed to the fact: the Pharaonic Egyptians were of
Asiatic origin and they necessarily brought with them the religious ideas
of their Eastern home. As we come to know more both of early Babylonian
civilisation and of the beginnings of Egyptian history, we shall doubtless
discover that the links between them are closer than we at present
imagine, and much that is now obscure will become clear and distinct.
Meanwhile there is one link which I cannot pass over. Astro-theology once
played a considerable part in the religion of the Egyptians. In the
historical age it has lost its importance; the stars have been identified
with the official deities, who have accordingly absorbed their individual
attributes; but echoes of the worship formerly paid to them are still
heard in the Pyramid texts. Saḥu or Orion is still remembered as a mighty
hunter, whose hunting-ground was the plain of heaven, and whose prey were
the gods themselves. When he rises, it is said in the Pyramid of Unas,
“the stars fight together, and the archers patrol” the sky which drops
with rain; the smaller stars which form his constellation pursue and lasso
the gods as the human hunter lassoes the wild bull; they slay and
disembowel their booty, and boil the flesh in glowing caldrons. The
“greater gods” are hunted “in the morning,” those of less account at
mid-day, the “lesser gods” “at evening, and Saḥu refreshes himself with
the divine banquet,” feeding on their bodies and absorbing “their magic
virtues.” “The great ones of the sky” launch “the flames against the
caldrons wherein are the haunches of the followers” of the gods; the
pole-star, “who causes the dwellers in the sky to march in procession
round” Orion, “throws into the caldron the legs of their wives.”(187) We
are transported to the cannibal’s kitchen of some African chieftain, such
as that represented on a curious stela found in Darfûr, and now in the
museum of Constantinople. The whole description takes us back to a period
in the history of Egypt long anterior to that of the Pyramids, when the
Pharaonic invaders were first beginning to mingle with the older
population of the land and become acquainted with its practices. In the
days of Unas the real meaning of the expressions handed down by
theological conservatism had been forgotten, or was interpreted
metaphorically; but they remained to prove that the age when Orion was
still an object of worship superior to the gods of heaven was one which
went back to the very dawn of Pharaonic history. The cult of the stars
must have been brought by “the followers of Horus” from their Asiatic
home.(188)
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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