The religions of ancient Egypt and BabyloniaSayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry)
Religion
The religions of ancient Egypt and Babylonia
Sayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry)
Assyro-Babylonian religion; Egypt -- Religion
The title is Sumerian in origin, and must therefore have been given while
as yet the Sumerian was dominant. This raises the question whether the
name by which the god was subsequently known in Semitic Babylonia was not
rather of Amorite than of Babylonian derivation. And there is much in
favour of the view. Hadad, or Rimmon as he was also termed, was in a
special way the god of Syria. His worship was spread along the whole
length of the Syrian seaboard, and we find him holding there the rank of a
supreme Baal. It is not as the god of storms, but as the sun-god himself,
that he was adored in Syria, and his very name there became synonymous
with deity. That the Semitised Sumerian of Babylonia should have
identified the supreme god of a land of mountains and storms with his own
storm-god, we can understand; that the Syrian should have transferred the
name of a Babylonian god of storms to his own chief Baal, would be
difficult to explain. However this may be, the person of Hadad is
peculiarly Semitic. The features which he inherited from his Sumerian
ancestry were obscured or dropped, and he became in all respects a Semitic
god. We need not be surprised, therefore, at finding that he was a special
favourite in Assyria. Assur-nazir-pal calls him “the mightiest of the
gods,” and the Assyrian troops in their onset are likened to him.(249)
The doctrine of the triad was not confined to the more prominent gods. It
was extended to others also who occupied a lower rank in the divine
hierarchy or in the public cult. Thus Samas helps to form the subordinate
triad of Samas, Malik, and Bunênê, in which the local sun-gods, Malik and
Bunênê, are distinguished from Samas of Sippara, and Bunênê is transformed
into a female divinity, the consort of Malik. But in all cases the
principle is the same. The Semitic conception of the divine family,
husband, wife, and son, is combined with the older ideas of genderless
Sumerian, which placed the goddess on the same level as the god, and the
result is a triad in which the Sumerian element has so far prevailed as to
exclude the mother and son, and leave three gods of equal power and
rank.(250)
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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