The religions of ancient Egypt and BabyloniaSayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry)
Religion
The religions of ancient Egypt and Babylonia
Sayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry)
Assyro-Babylonian religion; Egypt -- Religion
The Greeks identified Ânuqet with Hestia, and Sati with Hêra. This was
probably because Sati was the wife of Khnum (or Kneph), the god of the
Cataract. As such Sati was also known as Heket, “the frog,” which was
supposed to be born from the mud left by the inundation of the Nile. It
thus became a symbol of the resurrection, and was consequently adopted by
the Christians of Egypt. Hence the frequency with which it is represented
on lamps of the late Roman period.
Khnum, like the god of Thebes, was a ram, and is accordingly usually
depicted with a ram’s head. But he could not originally have been so. Once
more the old fetish of the district, the sacred animal of the nome, must
have been fused with the god whom the Pharaonic invaders brought with
them. For Khnum was a potter, as his name signifies, and at Philæ it is
said of him that he was “the moulder (_khnum_) of men, the modeller of the
gods.”(101) Hence he is called “the creator of all this, the fashioner of
that which exists, the father of fathers, the mother of mothers,” “the
creator of the heaven and the earth, the lower world, the water and the
mountains,” “who has formed the male and female of fowl and fish, wild
beasts, cattle, and creeping things.”
In Babylonia, Ea, the culture-god and creator, was also termed the
“potter,” and it was thus that he moulded the gods as well as men.(102) At
the same time, like Khnum, he was a god of the waters. While the Cataract
of the Nile was the home of Khnum, the Persian Gulf was the dwelling-place
of Ea. The connection between the water and the modeller in clay is
obvious. It is only where the water inundates the soil and leaves the
moist clay behind it that the art of the potter can flourish.(103)
But was there also a connection between the Babylonian god who was
worshipped in the ancient seaport of Chaldæa and the god of the Egyptian
Cataract? We have seen that the wife of Khnum was entitled “the Asiatic,”
the very form of the name being Babylonian. We have further seen that her
companion Ânuqet was also from Asia, and that her traditional head-dress
preserved a memory of the fact. There is a road from the Red Sea to Assuan
as well as to El-Kab; it may be that it goes back to those prehistoric
times when the Pharaonic Egyptians made their way across the desert into
the valley of the Nile, as their Semitic kinsfolk did in later days into
the tablelands of Abyssinia.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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