[Footnote 3: The traditional sacrifices are twenty-one in number, divided into three classes of seven each. The formal divisions are (1) oblations of butter, milk, corn, etc.; (2) _soma_ sacrifices; (3) animal sacrifices, regarded as part of the first two. The sacrifice of the new and full moon is to be repeated on each occasion for thirty years. A _sattra_, session, is a long sacrifice which may last a year or more.] [Footnote 4: The latter are the metrical codes, a part of Smriti (sm[r.]ti).] [Footnote 5: The Five Paramount Sacrifices (Observances) are, according to Manu III. 70, study of the Veda (or teaching it); sacrifice to the Manes and to the gods; offerings of foods to ghosts (or spirits); and hospitality.] [Footnote 6: In the report of the Or. Congress for 1880, p. 158 ff., Williams has a very interesting account of the daily rites of the modern orthodox Hindu ('_Rig Veda in Religious Service_').] [Footnote 7: We ignore here the later distinction between the Ved[=a]nta and S[=a]nkhya systems. Properly speaking, the latter is dualistic.] [Footnote 8: At a later date Buddha himself is admitted into the Brahmanic pantheon as an _avatar_ of the All-god!] [Footnote 9: Sometimes regarded as one with Praj[=a]pati, and sometimes treated as distinct from him.] [Footnote 10: Thus (for the priestly ascetic alone) in M. vi. 79: 'Leaving his good deeds to his loved ones and his evil deeds to his enemies, by force of meditation he goes to the eternal _brahma_.' Here _brahma_; but in Gautama perhaps Brahm[=a].] [Footnote 11: That is, when the latter are grouped as in the following list. Our point is that, despite new faith and new gods, Vedic polytheism is taught not as a form but as a reality, and that in this period the people still believe as of old in the old gods, though they also acknowledge new ones (below).] [Footnote 12: Compare Manu, ix. 245: "Varuna is the lord of punishment and holdeth a sceptre (punishment) even over kings."] [Footnote 13: In new rites, for instance. Thus in P[=a]rask. _Grih. S_. 3. 7 a silly and dirty rite 'prevents a slave from running away'; and there is an ordeal for girls before becoming engaged (below).] [Footnote 14: Blood is poured out to the demons in order that they may take this and no other part of the sacrifice, _[=A]it. Br_. ii. 7. 1.] [Footnote 15: Here. 4. 8. 19, Çiva's names are Hara, Mrida, Çarva, Çiva, Bhava, Mah[=a]deva, Ugra, Bhima, Paçupati, Rudra, Çankara, Içana.] [Footnote 16: These rites are described in 6. 4. 24 of the _Brihad [=A]ranyaka Upanishad_ which consists both of metaphysics and of ceremonial rules.]