[Footnote 63: Barth justly discredits the tale of Buddhism having been persecuted out of India. In this sketch of later Buddhism we can but follow this author's admirable summary of the causes of Buddhistic decline, especially agreeing with him in assigning the first place to the torpidity of the later church in matters of religion. It was become a great machine, its spiritual enthusiasm had been exhausted; it had nothing poetical or beautiful save the legend of Buddha, and this had lost its freshness; for Buddha was now, in fact, only a grinning idol.] [Footnote 64: Here are developed fully the stories of hells, angels, and all supernatural paraphernalia, together with theism, idolatry, and the completed monastic system; magic, fable, absurd calculations in regard to nothings, and spiritual emptiness.] [Footnote 65: At the same time the Ceylon canon was fixed by the commentary of Buddhaghosha.] [Footnote 66: Later it follows the mystical school. Both schools have been affected by Brahmanism. The Great Vehicle, founded by N[=a]g[=a]rjuna, was recognized at a fourth council in Kashmeer about the time of the Christian era. Compare Köppen, p. 199.] [Footnote 67: On the Lamaistic hierarchy and system of succession see Mayers, JRAS. IV. 284.] [Footnote 68: For the same reason we do not enter upon the outer form of Buddhism as expressed in demonology, snake-worship (JRAS. xii. 286) and symbolism (_ib_. OS. xiii. 71, 114).] [Footnote 69: SBE. vol. x, part ii, p. 3.] [Footnote 70: Dhammapada (Franke, ZDMG. xlvi, 731). In Sanskrit one has _dharmapatha_ with the same sense. The text in the main is as translated by Müller, separately, 1872, and in SBE., voL x. It was translated by Weber, _Streifen_. i. 112, in 1860.] [Footnote 71: That is, they die no more; they are free from the chain; they enter Nirv[=a]na.] [Footnote 72: Buddha's words on becoming Buddha.] [Footnote 73: It is to be observed that transmigration into animal forms is scarcely recognized by Buddha. He assumes only men and superior beings as subjects of _Karma_. Compare Rhys Davids' _Lectures_, pp. 105,107. To the same scholar is due the statement that he was the first to recognize the true meaning of Nirv[=a]na, 'extinction (not of soul but) of lust, anger, and ignorance.' For divisions of Buddhist literature other than the Tripitaka the same author's _Hibbert Lectures_ may be consulted (see also Müller, SBE. X, Introduction, p. i).] * * * * * CHAPTER XIV. EARLY HINDUISM.