The father of the Maruts, Rudra, is 'the ruddy one,' _par excellence_ and so to him is ascribed paternity of the 'ruddy ones.' But while Indra has a plurality of hymns, Rudra has but few, and these it is not of special importance to cite. The features in each case are the same. The Maruts remain as gods whose function causes them to be invoked chiefly that they may spare from the fury of the tempest. This idea is in Rudra's case carried out further, and he is specially called on to avert (not only 'cow-slaying' and 'man-slaying' by lightning,[19] but also) disease, pestilence, etc. Hence is he preeminently, on the one hand, the kindly god who averts disease, and, on the other, of destruction in every form. From him Father Manu got wealth and health, and he is the fairest of beings, but, more, he is the strongest god (ii. 33. 3, 10). From such a prototype comes the later god of healing and woe--Rudra, who becomes Çiva.[20] RAIN-GODS. There is one rather mechanical hymn directed to the Waters themselves as goddesses, where Indra is the god who gives them passage. But in the unique hymn to the Rivers it is Varuna who, as general god of water, is represented as their patron. In the first hymn the rain-water is meant.[21] A description in somewhat jovial vein of the joy produced by the rain after long drought forms the subject matter of another lyric (less an hymn than a poem), which serves to illustrate the position of the priests at the end of this Vedic collection. The frogs are jocosely compared to priests that have fulfilled their vow of silence; and their quacking is likened to the noise of students learning the Veda. Parjanya is the god that, in distinction from Indra as the first cause, actually pours down the rain-drops. THE FROGS.[22] As priests that have their vows fulfilled, Reposing for a year complete, The frogs have now begun to talk,-- Parjanya has their voice aroused. When down the heavenly waters come upon him, Who like a dry bag lay within the river, Then, like the cows' loud lowing (cows that calves have), The vocal sound of frogs comes all together. When on the longing, thirsty ones it raineth, (The rainy season having come upon them), Then _akkala_![23] they cry; and one the other Greets with his speech, as sons address a father. The one the other welcomes, and together They both rejoice at falling of the waters; The spotted frog hops when the rain has wet him, And with his yellow comrade joins his utterance. When one of these the other's voice repeateth, Just as a student imitates his teacher, Then like united members with fair voices, They all together sing among the waters. One like an ox doth bellow, goat-like one bleats; Spotted is one, and one of them is yellow; Alike in name, but in appearance different, In many ways the voice they, speaking, vary.