[161] _Frg._ 1. [162] _Frg._ 4. [163] _Frg._ 5. [164] _Frg._ 25 = 1 Nauck^2, pp. 770 ff. [165] _Apol._ 28 E. [166] _Apol._ 30 A. [167] _Frg._ 292, 7. [168] _Frg._ 226, 4. [169] _Hipp._ 451-459. [170] _Hipp._ 473-476. [171] _Hipp._ 1365-1369. [172] _H. F._ 1307 ff. [173] _H. F._ 1341 ff. [174] _Frg._ 794. [175] _Frg._ 946. [176] _I.T._ 569. [177] _I.T._ 570-575. [178] _Phoen._ 954-958. [179] _I.A._ 956 f. [180] _Tro._ 884-888. [181] _Frg._ 941. [182] _Frg._ 593. [183] _Frgg._ 151, 255, 506. [184] _Hippol._ 1102 ff. [185] _Frgg._ 757, 816. [186] 592 ff. [187] _Hel._ 1014 ff. [188] 395. [189] Adam, _Religious Teachers_, p. 316. V PLATO AND ARISTOTLE Socrates became the father of many philosophic schools. His pupils naturally differed from one another in the emphasis which they gave to this or that side of their master’s teaching and in the ways in which they combined his doctrines with principles laid down by earlier thinkers, but all agreed in this, that they directed their attention to man as the center of thought and inquiry. From this time ethics and religion became the dominant themes of philosophy. Our subject bids us confine our attention to the greatest of these pupils, Plato. Plato was born at Athens in the year 428/7 B.C. of an ancient family, which was related to the law-giver Solon. After being educated in the best Athenian fashion, he attached himself to Socrates in his twentieth year, when the latter was already about sixty years old, and he continued to associate with his master for ten years until the latter’s condemnation and death. Probably he was not one of the inner circle, but he tells us that he was present at his master’s trial and with other followers of Socrates was prepared to go bondsman, if a fine were inflicted. Sickness prevented him from sharing in the discussion of the last day, which is related to us in the Phaedo. After Socrates’ death, Plato was absent from Athens for about twelve years, residing first in the neighboring city of Megara, where his association with Euclides, one of Socrates’ oldest pupils, must have contributed to the development of his own philosophy. Later in southern Italy, if we accept the traditional account of his travels, he had an opportunity to study more closely in their home the Orphic-Pythagorean systems and doctrines, many of which no doubt he had often heard Socrates discuss. At Syracuse in Sicily he won over Dion, the young brother-in-law of the tyrant Dionysius. The latter, however, found his moral teachings offensive, seized him, and had him offered for sale as a prisoner of war in the slave market at Aegina. But a friend, Anniceris, bought him and set him free. When Plato’s other friends wished to repay to Anniceris the money he had spent, the latter refused, and the sum was used to purchase a grove sacred to the hero Academus, in which Plato opened a philosophic school. There, save for the interruptions caused