The impetus issuing from _Ha-Shahar_ was visible on all fields of Judaism. The number of Hebrew readers increased considerably, and the interest in Hebrew literature grew. The eminent scholar I. H. Weiss published his five-volume History of Tradition (_Dor Dor we- Doreshaw_) in Hebrew (Vienna, 1883-1890). Though it was a purely scientific work, laying bare the successive steps in the natural development of Rabbinic law, it produced a veritable revolution in the attitude of the orthodox of the backward countries. As was mentioned above, Gottlober founded his review, _Ha-Boker Or_, in 1876, to ensure the continuity of the humanist tradition and defend the theories of the school of Mendelssohn. The last of the followers of German humanism rallied about it,--Braudes published his principal novel "Religion and Life" in it,--and it also attracted the last representatives of the _Melizah_, like Wechsler (_Ish Naomi_), who wrote Biblical criticism in an artificial, pompous style. This artificiality, fostered in an earlier period by the _Melizim_, had by no means disappeared from Hebrew literature. Its most popular devotees in the later day of which we are speaking were, besides Kalman Schulman, A. Friedberg, who wrote a Hebrew adaptation of Grace Aguilar's tale, "The Vale of Cedars", published in 1876, and Ramesh, the translator of "Robinson Crusoe." Translations continued to enjoy great vogue, and it was vain for Smolenskin, in the introduction to his novel _Ha-To'eh be-Darke ha- Hayyim_, to warn the public against the abuses of which translators were guilty. The readers of Hebrew sought, besides novels, chiefly works on the natural sciences and on mathematics, especially astronomy. Among the authors of original scientific books, Hirsch Rabinowitz should be given the first place, as the writer of a series of treatises on physics, chemistry, etc., which appeared at Wilna, between the years 1866 and 1880. After him come Lerner, Mises, Reifmann, and a number of others. The period was also prolific in periodicals representing various tendencies. At Jerusalem appeared _Ha-Habazzelet_, _Sha'are Ziyyon_ ("The Gates of Zion"), and others. On the American side of the Atlantic, the review _Ha-Zofeh be-Erez Nod_ ("The Watchman in the Land of the Wanderer") reflected the fortunes and views of the educated among the immigrants in the New World. Even the orthodox had recourse to this modern expedient of periodicals in their endeavor to put up a defense of Rabbinism. The journal _Ha-Yareah_ ("The Moon"), and particularly _Mahazike ha-Dat_ ("The Pillars of the Faith"), both issued in Galicia, were the organs of the faithful in their opposition to humanism and progress. _Ha-Kol_, the journal founded by Rodkinson (1876-1880), with reform purposes, played a rôle of considerable importance in the conflict between the two parties.