Justice -- Early works to 1800; Political science -- Early works to 1800; Utopias -- Early works to 1800
sirens--Lachesis singing of the past, Clotho of the present, Atropos of
the future; Clotho from time to time assisting with a touch of her
right hand the revolution of the outer circle of the whorl or spindle,
and Atropos with her left hand touching and guiding the inner ones, and
Lachesis laying hold of either in turn, first with one hand and then
with the other.
When Er and the spirits arrived, their duty was to go at once to
Lachesis; but first of all there came a prophet who arranged them in
order; then he took from the knees of Lachesis lots and samples of
lives, and having mounted a high pulpit, spoke as follows: 'Hear the
word of Lachesis, the daughter of Necessity. Mortal souls, behold a
new cycle of life and mortality. Your genius will not be allotted to
you, but you choose your genius; and let him who draws the first lot
have the first choice, and the life which he chooses shall be his
destiny. Virtue is free, and as a man honours or dishonours her he
will have more or less of her; the responsibility is with the
chooser--God is justified.' When the Interpreter had thus spoken he
scattered lots indifferently among them all, and each of them took up
the lot which fell near him, all but Er himself (he was not allowed),
and each as he took his lot perceived the number which he had obtained.
Then the Interpreter placed on the ground before them the samples of
lives; and there were many more lives than the souls present, and they
were of all sorts. There were lives of every animal and of man in
every condition. And there were tyrannies among them, some lasting out
the tyrant's life, others which broke off in the middle and came to an
end in poverty and exile and beggary; and there were lives of famous
men, some who were famous for their form and beauty as well as for
their strength and success in games, or, again, for their birth and the
qualities of their ancestors; and some who were the reverse of famous
for the opposite qualities. And of women likewise; there was not,
however, any definite character them, because the soul, when choosing a
new life, must of necessity become different. But there was every
other quality, and the all mingled with one another, and also with
elements of wealth and poverty, and disease and health; and there were
mean states also. And here, my dear Glaucon, is the supreme peril of
our human state; and therefore the utmost care should be taken. Let
each one of us leave every other kind of knowledge and seek and follow
one thing only, if peradventure he may be able to learn and may find
some one who will make him able to learn and discern between good and
evil, and so to choose always and everywhere the better life as he has
opportunity. He should consider the bearing of all these things which
have been mentioned severally and collectively upon virtue; he should
know what the effect of beauty is when combined with poverty or wealth
in a particular soul, and what are the good and evil consequences of
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