Justice -- Early works to 1800; Political science -- Early works to 1800; Utopias -- Early works to 1800
The description of the axis as a spindle, and of the heavenly bodies as
forming a whole, partly arises out of the attempt to connect the motions
of the heavenly bodies with the mythological image of the web, or weaving
of the Fates. The giving of the lots, the weaving of them, and the making
of them irreversible, which are ascribed to the three Fates--Lachesis,
Clotho, Atropos, are obviously derived from their names. The element of
chance in human life is indicated by the order of the lots. But chance,
however adverse, may be overcome by the wisdom of man, if he knows how to
choose aright; there is a worse enemy to man than chance; this enemy is
himself. He who was moderately fortunate in the number of the lot--even
the very last comer--might have a good life if he chose with wisdom. And
as Plato does not like to make an assertion which is unproven, he more
than confirms this statement a few sentences afterwards by the example of
Odysseus, who chose last. But the virtue which is founded on habit is not
sufficient to enable a man to choose; he must add to virtue knowledge, if
he is to act rightly when placed in new circumstances. The routine of good
actions and good habits is an inferior sort of goodness; and, as Coleridge
says, 'Common sense is intolerable which is not based on metaphysics,' so
Plato would have said, 'Habit is worthless which is not based upon
philosophy.'
The freedom of the will to refuse the evil and to choose the good is
distinctly asserted. 'Virtue is free, and as a man honours or dishonours
her he will have more or less of her.' The life of man is 'rounded' by
necessity; there are circumstances prior to birth which affect him (cp.
Pol. 273 B). But within the walls of necessity there is an open space in
which he is his own master, {clxix} and can study for himself the effects
which the variously compounded gifts of nature or fortune have upon the
soul, and act accordingly. All men cannot have the first choice in
everything. But the lot of all men is good enough, if they choose wisely
and will live diligently.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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