Democracy; Great Britain -- Politics and government
More than once since 1831 the House of Lords has come into conflict with
the House of Commons when a Liberal Government has been in power. A
compromise was effected between the two Houses over the Disestablishment of
the Irish Church in 1869, the Lords, on the whole, giving way. When the
Lords proposed to "amend" the Army Reform Bill (for abolishing the purchase
of commissions) in 1871, Gladstone overpowered their opposition by advising
the Crown to cancel the Royal Warrant which made purchase legal, and to
issue a new warrant ending the sale of commissions. This device completely
worsted the House of Lords, for a refusal to pass the Bill under the
circumstances merely deprived the holders of commissions of the
compensation awarded in the Bill. The Army Reform Bill became law, but
strong objection was taken by many Liberals to the sudden exercise of the
Royal Prerogative. In 1884 the Lords refused to pass the Bill for the
enfranchisement of the rural labourer unless a Bill was brought in at the
same time for a redistribution of seats. After some discussion Gladstone
yielded, the Redistribution Bill was drawn up, and passed the Commons
simultaneously with the Franchise Bill in the Lords.
Several Bills have been rejected or "amended" by the Lords since the
Liberals came into power in 1906, and the crisis came when the Budget was
rejected in 1909. In June, 1907, the following resolution was passed by the
House of Commons by 432 to 147 votes: "That in order to give effect to the
will of the people, as expressed by their elected representatives, it is
necessary that the power of the other House to alter or reject Bills passed
by this House should be so restricted by law as to secure that within the
limits of a single Parliament the final decision of the Commons shall
prevail." This resolution was embodied in the Parliament Bill of 1911.
Between 1907 and 1911 came (1) the rejection of the Budget, November, 1909;
(2) the General Election of January, 1910, and the return of a majority of
124 (Liberal, Labour, and Irish Nationalist) in support of the Government;
(3) the passing of resolutions (majority, 105) for limiting the Veto of the
Lords; (4) the failure of a joint Conference between leading Liberals and
Conservatives on the Veto question, followed by (5) the General Election of
December, 1910, and the return of the Liberals with a united majority of
126.
The Parliament Bill declared that every Money Bill sent up by the Commons,
if not passed unamended by the Lords within a month, should receive the
Royal assent and become an Act of Parliament notwithstanding, and that
every Bill sent up for three successive sessions shall in the third session
become an Act of Parliament without the assent of the Lords.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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