[185:1] Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_, iv., 421; _Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers_, 2d ser., xii., contains Gregory's letters and sermons; Gregory of Tours; Bede; Snow, _St. Gregory the Great_; Barmby, _Gregory the Great_; Hutton, _Church of the Sixth Century_; Neander, iii., 112; Hallam, 328. [185:2] Gregory of Tours, x., 1. [186:1] Soon many poetical tales were imputed to him. It was said a new stomach was given him so he could fast. An angel visited him disguised as a sailor. Milman, ii., 45. Read Bede for the story which led to the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. For his treatment of the monk Justus see Milman, i., 432. _Cf._ Montalembert, ii., 84-87; _Dict. Christ. Biog._, ii., 779. [187:1] _Epistle_ v. in _Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers_, xii., 74. [188:1] Milman, ii., 44. [189:1] _Ep._, ix., 12; xiii., 45. [189:2] _Ep._, viii., 30; ix., 12. [189:3] Milman, ii., 72; _Ep._, vii., 31. [189:4] Milman, ii., 81. [189:5] He created the Gregorian chant, instituted singing schools, minutely described the ceremonies, prescribed the variety and change of garments, and laid down the order of processions. The duties of priests and deacons were outlined and their parishes defined. [190:1] _Ep._, iii., 34, 50. [190:2] _Ep._, xi., 54. [190:3] It was also reported that he fed 3000 virgins. [191:1] _Epistle_ xxx. in _Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers_, xii., 154. [191:2] _Ibid._, 82, 130, 243. [192:1] This was an exposition of the Book of Job, _Ep._ 49. [192:2] Bryce, 150. [192:3] Adams, _Civ. of M. A._, 230. [192:4] Hallam, 329. [193:1] Gieseler, i., 382; Milman, i., 128. [193:2] Hefele, iii., 20. In the early Church "pope," or "papa" or "abba," was applied to all clergy. Schaff, iii., 300. "Pope" is still used for all priests in the Greek Church and "father" in the Latin Church. See Cyprian, _Ep._, viii., 1. [193:3] Stewards, secretaries, nurses, and undertakers were regarded as being in a sense members of the lower clergy. Schaff, iii., 262. [193:4] For biblical authority see Luke xv., 10; Rev. viii., 3, 4. [193:5] Began in the second century. [194:1] Hard., _Concil._, ii., 612. CHAPTER XI MONASTICISM OUTLINE: I.--Importance of the institution of monasticism. II.--Antecedents and analogies. III.--Causes of the origin of Christian monasticism. IV.--Evolution of Christian monasticism. V.--Spread of group monasticism from the East to the West. VI.--Development of monasticism in Western Europe. VII.--Opposition to monasticism. VIII.--Result and influences of monasticism. IX.--Sources.