[384:1] See Strassburg oaths (842), and treaties of Verdun (843) and Meersen (870). Given in Thatcher and McNeal, No. 16-19; Ogg, § 24. [385:1] Robinson, _Readings_, i., 158 _ff._; Thatcher and McNeal, No. 20, 21. [386:1] Pertz, i., 405. [386:2] See Thatcher and McNeal, No. 22. [386:3] He was a great-grandson of Charles the Great through his mother Gisela, a daughter of Louis the Pious. [386:4] He was by birth a Neustrian Frank and also claimed descent from Charles the Great. He had large estates in Lorraine as well as central Italy. [386:5] Pope Formosus had a rather checkered career. He was Bishop of Porto and papal legate. John VIII. had excommunicated him for political motives. Marinus restored him to power. He was the first Pope to be elevated from another see to that of Rome. Moeller, ii., 172. [387:1] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 22. [387:2] _Ibid._, No. 23. [387:3] Emerton, _Med. Europe_, 94. [387:4] Robinson, _Readings_, i., 195; Ogg, § 29. [388:1] Bryce, _Holy Rom. Emp._, ch. 6, p. 83. [389:1] Bryce, _Holy Rom. Emp._, 79. [389:2] Greenwood, bk. viii., ch. 1. [390:1] Robinson, _Readings_, i., 245. [390:2] _Saxon Chronicle_, quoted in Emerton, _Med. Europe_, 102. [390:3] Robinson, _Readings_, i., 247. [391:1] Bryce, _Holy Rom. Emp._, 77; Thatcher and McNeal, No. 26. [391:2] Bryce, _Holy Rom. Emp._, ch. 7. [392:1] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 27; Robinson, _Readings_, i., 249. [393:1] Pertz, iv., 328, 330. [393:2] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 28. [394:1] Pertz, iii., 459. [394:2] Hauck, _Kircheng. Deutschl._, i., 69. [395:1] Bryce, 88. Fisher, _Med. Emp._, i.; Thatcher and McNeal, No. 29. [395:2] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 53. [395:3] _Mon. Ger. Hist. Leges_, ii., 177; Watterich, i., 675; Thatcher and McNeal, No. 54. [395:4] Robinson, _Readings_, i., 253. [395:5] Luitprand, _Hist. Ottonis_, ch. 5. [396:1] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 29. [397:1] Greenwood, bk. viii., 477; Gregorovius, _Rome in M. A._, bk. vi., 346. [397:2] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 55. [398:1] Greenwood, bk. viii., 483. [399:1] Henderson, _Select. Hist. Docs._, 442, gives the highly amusing account of the ambassador Luitprand. [399:2] Bryce, ch. 9. [399:3] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 30, 31. [399:4] Maitland, _Dark Ages_, 499. [399:5] Hauck, iii., 333. Archbishop Bruno was thought to be in league with the devil. William of Hirschau wrote an elaborate apology for classical learning as an appendix to his work on astronomy. The trick played by Henry II. on Bishop Meinwerk of Paderborn illustrates the prevailing ignorance of Latin. Henry II. had "fa" erased from the mass for the dead. The Bishop did not understand Latin so offered up a prayer for he and she mules.--Fisher, _Med. Emp._, ii., 90. [401:1] Uhlriz, _Otto II. und Otto III._; _Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Reiches_. [401:2] Bryce, ch. 9; Henderson, 442. [402:1] He was buried in St. Peter's and is the only German Emperor sleeping on Roman soil.