[101] Schiemann, _Russland, Polen, u. Livland_. [102] Karamzin. [103] _Geschichte der Ostseeprovinzen_; Sartorius, _Geschichte des Hanseatischen Bundes_; S. Solov’ev, _Istoriya Rossie_. [104] A spiked iron ball attached by a flexible thong to a short staff. [105] The wolves. S. George occupies the delicate position of patron-saint of the wolves as well as of flocks and herds. [106] Karpov, _Istoriya Bor’bui_, etc. [107] A.E.I.O.U. Alles Erdreich ist Oesterreich unterthan. Austria est imperare orbi universo. [108] Baron Sigismund von Herberstein, _Rerum Moscoviticorum commentarii_. [109] It is hardly necessary to state that these remarks do not apply to the Russian soldier of modern history, who has displayed his best qualities under adverse circumstances. [110] Schiemann. [111] Schiemann, Karpov. [112] S. Solov’ev. [113] _Geschichte der Ostseeprovinzen._ [114] _Geschichte der Ostseeprovinzen._ [115] Herberstein. [116] Karamzin. [117] S. Solov’ev; Karamzin. [118] Karamzin gives the date as 8th of October. The day is fixed by Sigismund’s letter to Leo X., written on 18th September, in which he mentions the battle as taking place on “_die natali beatissime virginis Marie, que erat VIII. Septembris_.” [119] _Acta Tomiciana_, tom. III. [120] Much that appeared eastern or barbarous to outsiders was in fact only a survival of customs and costumes that had long died out in the west. Russia, cut off by many causes, already set forth, from the march of progress in occidental Europe, retained many things which had there been cast aside. [121] Herberstein. [122] Johannes Voigt, _Geschichte Preussens_. [123] Herberstein. [124] Herberstein. [125] Voigt. [126] Freeman, _Historical Geography of Europe_. [127] Schiemann; Voigt; _Geschichte der Ostseeprovinzen_. _Note._--The German branch of the Order elected a new Grand-Master after the defection of Albrecht, and continued, at Mergentheim in Franconia, its existence as a religious organisation, till the beginning of the nineteenth century, when the Napoleonic maelstrom swept it away in common with many other worn-out institutions. [128] Karamzin. [129] Herberstein. [130] Herberstein; Karamzin. [131] Karamzin. [132] V. Bronevskago, _Istoriya Donskago Voyska_. CHAPTER VIII IVAN GROZNIE