[134] Moskva in the reign of Ivan IV. consisted of four principal divisions--the twin centres of the Kreml and Kitai-gorod, the enclosing crescent of the Biel-gorod or White-town, and the large outer husk “enclosing the faubourgs, gardens, woods, lakes, and vast unbuilt-on spaces.” Between the houses in the Kitai-gorod and the east wall of the Kreml was the Red Place, or city square, which was the centre of Moskovite public life; “red” in Russian being synonymous with “beautiful.” Afterwards the name gained a grimmer significance. [135] Herberstein. [136] S. Solov’ev. [137] E. A. Solov’ev, _Ivan IV. Groznie_. [138] Karamzin. Schiemann. Austen Pember, _Ivan the Terrible_. [139] E. A. Solov’ev. [140] Anastasia Romanova, daughter of Roman, hence the name by which the family was afterwards distinguished--Romanov. [141] Karamzin. [142] Rambaud. [143] In Byzantine writings of that period it is sometimes styled “Sea of the Russians.” [144] Schiemann. [145] Quoted by Schiemann. [146] Schiemann. [147] Schiemann; S. Solov’ev; _Geschichte der Ostseeprovinzen_. [148] E. A. Solov’ev, _Ivan IV. Groznie_. [149] N. A. Polevoi, _Tzarstvovanie Ioanna Groznago_. [150] According to Pember “christened Dmitri, like his first-born.” Karamzin and Polevoi designate him _Vasili_. [151] A. N. Murav’ev, _History of the Russian Church_. [152] _Skasaniya kniazya Kourbskago_, edit. by N. Ustryalov; Karamzin. [153] Pember. [154] Schiemann, Karamzin, E. A. Solov’ev, Polevoi. [155] Karamzin, S. Solov’ev. [156] E. A. Solov’ev. [157] E. A. Solov’ev, Polevoi, S. Solov’ev. [158] Karamzin, E. A. Solov’ev. [159] Karamzin. [160] _Sir Ierome Horsey’s Observations in seventeene yeeres travels and experience in Rvssia, and other countries adioyning._ [161] Karamzin, E. A. Solov’ev, Schiemann. [162] Horsey. [163] Schiemann, Karamzin. [164] Giles Fletcher, the Elder, _Of the Russe Common Wealth_. [165] Karamzin, Polevoi. [166] Vulcob, French ambassador at Wien; quoted by the Marquis de Noailles in _Henri de Valois et la Pologne en 1572_. [167] De Noailles, _Henri de Valois_, etc. [168] De Noailles. [169] S. Solov’ev, Karamzin. [170] W. R. Morfill, _Poland_. [171] Karamzin. [172] Pronounced Fedor; the Russian letter corresponding to the Greek Theta in form has been rendered _Th_ (in the proper names Thedor, Martha, etc.) to distinguish it from the Slavonic F, but it has the same pronouncing value as the latter letter. [173] Pember. [174] Wilde, _The Picture of Dorian Gray_. CHAPTER IX THE GREAT BOYARIN