FORM OF SLAVERY UNDER MODERN CIVILIZATION. Persistence of Chattel-Slavery in Eastern Countries--Assumption of Form of Wages-Slavery under Modern Civilization--Creation of Millionaire Capitalists by Present System--Result in Ruin and Starvation of the Labouring Class--Necessity of Repressive Armies and Police--Measures necessary to secure Social Reform. Having seen how human slavery originated in parental despotism--how it expanded by war, commerce, indebtedness, marriage, _&_c.--how it continued to be _direct_ or _chattel_ slavery all over the world till the advent of Christianity--how it, in consequence of the workings of the Gospel, gradually assumed the form of _wages_-slavery, and generated modern proletarianism throughout Western Europe and America--having also seen how the system of chattel-slavery _worked_ in the ancient world and in the slave-states of America, and compared, or rather contrasted, that system with its more hideous successor, wages-slavery--let us now inquire what are the forms and conditions of human slavery as it exists under modern civilization, and by what means and appliances it may be effectually and for ever banished from the world. As already stated, direct or chattel slavery is still the normal condition of the labouring classes in most Eastern countries, and of the black population in South America. In Russia and other countries a species of serfdom, until quite recently, obtained, which partook of the nature of both chattel and wages slavery, but which was probably, on the whole, less objectionable than either. The serfs of such countries correspond with our _villains_ of the Anglo-Saxon and Norman times, and are clearly a remnant of the old feudal system which grew up in most parts of Europe upon the dissolution of the Roman empire. Wherever this serfdom prevails, proletarianism is confined to the cities and towns, the serfs being, like chattel-slaves, provided for out of the lands to which they are attached.