class, we must conclude that there were probably about 5000 equites equo publico in the late republic. As long as the cavalry remained exclusively patrician, a census qualification was precluded. Though Cicero and Livy refer the equestrian census to Servius Tullius, their vagueness on this point shows that they lacked definite information.[573] It must have been introduced at the time when the patriciate ceased to be an essential qualification, when the levy came to be made on the basis of wealth rather than of blood. This change should be assigned to the early part of the fourth century B.C.[574] For a time the census was that of the first class.[575] In 214 it was still 100,000 asses, or not much above, as has already been proved.[576] In the late republic and under the emperors the minimal rating was 400,000 sesterces.[577] When it was raised to this amount is unknown. I. THE EARLY GRAECO-ITALIAN PHALANX: Busolt, _Griechische Geschichte_, i, ii (see Contents); Bauer, A., _Griechische Kriegsaltertümer_; Droysen, H., _Kriegsalterthümer der Griechen_, in Hermann’s _Lehrb. der griech. Antiquitäten_, ii. 1-74; Gilbert, _Constitutional Antiquities of Sparta and Athens_ (see Index and Contents); Lammert, E., _Geschichtliche Entwickelung der griech. Taktik_, in _N. Jahrb. f. kl. Alt._ iii (1899). 1-29; _Die neuesten Forschungen auf antiken Schlachtfeldern im Griechenland_, in _N. Jahrb. f. d. kl. Philol._ xiii (1904). 195-212, 252-79, contains some matters of interest for the present subject, though it treats mainly of the time after Alexander; Fröhlich, F., _Beiträge zur Kriegsführung und Kriegskunst der Römer zur Zeit der Republik_; Schiller, _Röm. Kriegsaltertümer_, in Müller’s _Hdb. d. kl. Altwiss._ iv. 707 ff.; on earlier literature, 714 f., 728 f., 733, 737, 741, 744; Leinveber, A., _Die Legion von Livius_, in _Philol._ lxi. N. F. xv (1902). 32-41, a specialist in military science; Nitzsch, K. W., _Das Verhältniss von Heer und Staat in der röm. Republik_, in _Hist. Zeitschr._ vii (1862). 133-58; Liers, H., _Kriegswesen der Alten_; Delbrück, _Geschichte der Kriegskunst im Rahmen der politischen Geschichte_, bks. i, iv, best authority; _Die römische Manipulartaktik_, in _Hist. Zeitschr._ N. F. xv (1884). 239-64; Niese, B., _Ueber Wehrverfassung, Dienstpflicht, und Heerwesen Griechenlands_, ibid, xcviii (1907). 263-301, 473-506; Arnim, H., _Ineditum Vaticanum_, in _Hermes_, xxvii (1892). 118-30, the portion of Greek text used is on p. 121; Wendling, E., _Zu Posidonius und Varro_, in _Hermes_, xxviii (1893). 335-53, on the source of the _Ined Vat._; Bruncke, H., in _N. Philol. Rundschau_ (1888) 40-4; Müller-Deecke, _Etrusker_, i. 364-72; Müller, J. J., _Studien zur röm. Verfassungsgeschichte_, in _Philol._ xxxiv (1876). 96-136; Helbig, _Sur les attributs des saliens_, in