It has recently been conjectured[784] that the object of both the Lucaria and Neptunalia was to avert the heat and drought of July, and to propitiate the deities of water and springs, of whom Neptunus (judging from his identification with Poseidon) may possibly have been one; but this is no more than a vague guess, which its author only puts forward ‘with all reserve.’ VIII KAL. SEXT. (JULY 25). NP. FURR[INALIA]. (PINC. ALLIF. MAFF.) FERIAE FURRINAE (PINC. ALLIF.) It seems to be the lesson of the festivals of July that there was an early stage of the Roman religion which had lost all meaning for the Romans themselves when they began to inquire into the history of their own religion. Of this last festival of the month we know no single item in the cult, and therefore have nothing substantial to guide us. It seems almost certain that even Varro and Verrius Flaccus[785] knew nothing of the festival but its name as it stood in the calendar. Nor did they know anything of the goddess Furrina or Furina. Varro is explicit; he says that she was celebrated ‘apud antiquos,’ for they gave her an annual festival and a flamen, but that in his day there were hardly a dozen Romans who knew either her name or anything about her. Varro is no doubt right in arguing from the festival and the flamen to the ancient honour in which she was held; and these facts also tend to prove that she was a single deity, and quite distinct from the Furiae with whom the later Romans as well as the Greeks naturally confounded her—an inference which is confirmed by the long _u_ indicated by the double _r_ in the calendars[786]. There is therefore nothing but the etymology to tell us anything about the goddess, and from this source we cannot expect to learn anything certain. Preller plausibly suggested a connexion with _fur_, _furvus_, and _fuscus_, from a root meaning dark or secret; and if this were correct she might be a deity of the under-world or of the darkness. Bücheler in his _Umbrica_[787] suggested a comparison with the Umbrian _furfare_ = februare (‘to purify’), which will at least serve to show the difficulty of basing conclusions on etymological reasoning. Jordan conjectured that the festival had to do with the averting of dangerous summer heat[788]—a conclusion that is natural enough, but does not seem to rest on any evidence but its date. Lastly, Huschke[789], again in his element, boldly asserts that the Furrinalia served to appease the deities of revenge who hailed from the black region of Vediovis—wrongly confusing Furrina and the Furiae. It will be quite obvious from these instances that it is as hopeless as it is useless to attempt to discover the nature of either goddess or festival by means of etymological reasoning. Footnote 708: Bk. 47. 18. We owe the reference to Merkel, _Praef. in Ovidii Fastos_, clix. Footnote 709: His real birthday seems to have been the 12th, which, was already occupied by the ludi Apollinares.