We may agree with Roscher, who has worked out this part of the subject with skill, that this position of Janus in the worship of the family and the state is the origin of all the practices in which he appears as a god of beginnings. For these the reader must be referred to Roscher’s article[1280], or to Preller, or to Mommsen, who sees in this aspect of the god, and rightly no doubt, that which chiefly reflects the notion of him held by the ordinary Roman. He was himself the oldest god, the beginner of all things, and of all acts[1281]; to him in legend is ascribed the introduction of the arts, of agriculture, ship-building, &c.[1282]. He is an object of worship at the beginning of the year, the month, and the day[1283]. All this sprang, not from an abstract idea of beginning—an idea which has no Roman parallel in being sanctified by a presiding deity, but from the concrete fact that the entrance of the house was the _initium_, or beginning of the house, and at the same time the point from which you started on all undertakings. Such developments of the original Janus were no doubt as old as the State itself. In the Salian hymn he is already ‘deorum deus’[1284], and ‘duonus cerus’[1285], which Festus tells us meant creator bonus. But even in the State there are, as we have seen, sufficiently clear traces of his original nature to forbid us to attribute these titles to any lofty and abstract philosophical ideas of religion. The known cult-titles of Janus are for the most part explicable in the same way. Geminus, Patulcius, Clusius, and Matutinus, speak for themselves. Junonius probably arose from the concurrence of the cults of Janus and Juno on the Kalends of each month, as Macrobius tells us[1286]. Consivius[1287] is explained by Roscher as connected with _serere_, and used of Janus as creator (beginner of life: cf. _duonus cerus_). Curiatius, Patricius, and Quirinus[1288] are titles arising from the worship of the god in gentes, curiae, and the completed state, and have no significance in regard to his nature. III ID. IAN. (JAN. 11). NP. KARM[ENTALIA]. (PRAEN. MAFF.) XVIII KAL. FEB. (JAN. 15). NP. KAR[MENTALIA]. (PRAEN. MAFF. PHIL. CAER.) The full name of the festival is supplied by Philoc. and Silv. There is a much mutilated note in Praen. on Jan. 11 which is completed by Mommsen thus[1289]: ‘[Feriae Carmenti ... quae partus curat omniaque] futura; ob quam ca[usam in aede eius cavetur ab scorteis tanquam] omine morticino.’