The plough has now passed over the station of Watch Cross. The enquiries which I have made on the spot, and in the neighbourhood, are, on the whole, confirmatory of Hodgson’s view. Footnote 35: Mounsey’s Account of the occupation of Carlisle in 1745. Footnote 36: Ford’s Hand-book of Spain, 1st edition, p. 306. Footnote 37: On putting the inquiry pointedly to a person who had ploughed up some portions of the Vallum in the neighbourhood of Wallend, Cumberland, and who was also acquainted with the mode in which the Maiden-way (a Roman road) was formed, I was told that there were no traces of pavement in the Vallum. Footnote 38: We must not, however, pronounce a road to be impracticable, because now it would be thought so. A Northumberland farmer, speaking to me upon this subject, said he had seen roads which, in his neighbourhood, were regularly traversed only a century ago, on which no one would venture now-a-days; ‘it was like coming down a crag-side.’ He had driven through mosses in which the horses were commonly enveloped, but had no misgivings so long as he could see the heads of the animals. Footnote 39: Hodgson, however, distinctly proves, that the _cornage_, or castle-guard rent of the North of England—originally a payment in lieu of cattle, and called in English, _horngeld_ and _neatgeld_, cattle-tax, or ox-lay—has nothing whatever to do with sounding the war-alarm by _horns_. Footnote 40: It must, however, be borne in mind, that even the uneducated labourer, in a highly civilized community, has unconsciously received a considerable amount of mental training, which places him in a situation much superior to that of the mere savage. Footnote 41: The remainder of this valuable communication is, in order to avoid repetition, embodied in the subsequent account of the Masonry of the Wall. Footnote 42: Hodgson II. ii. 298. Footnote 43: It would be described by a modern builder as a rough blocking course. Footnote 44: The cuts representing these markings are transferred from my note book, without reference to scale. Footnote 45: Concrete contains less lime, and is mixed with a smaller proportion of water than grout. It is chiefly used in large masses, to form an artificial foundation for a building. Footnote 46: The almost entire absence of those little white lumps of lime, not properly mixed with sand, which are found in the imperfectly prepared mortar of modern times, shews that the lime must in some way have been crushed by rollers or beaters. Footnote 47: