hence the local Culverhouse. Dove often becomes Duff. Gaunt is sometimes a dialect form of gannet, used in Lincolnshire of the crested grebe. Popjoy may have been applied to the successful archer who became king of the popinjay for the year. The derivation of the word, Old Fr. papegai, whence Mid. Eng. papejay-- "The briddes synge, it is no nay, The sparhawk and the papejay, That joye it was to heere" (B, 1956)-- is obscure, though various forms of it are found in most of the European languages. In English it was applied not only to the parrot, but also to the green woodpecker. The London Directory form is Pobgee. With bird nicknames may be mentioned Callow, unfledged, cognate with Lat. calvus, bald. Its opposite also survives as Fleck and Flick-- "Flygge, as byrdis, maturus, volabilis." (Prompt. Parv.) Margaret Paston, writing (1460) of the revived hopes of Henry VI., says-- "Now he and alle his olde felawship put owt their fynnes, and arn ryght flygge and mery." HAWK NAMES We have naturally a set of names taken from the various species of falcons. To this class belongs Haggard, probably related to Anglo-Sax. haga, hedge, and used of a hawk which had acquired incurable habits of wildness by preying for itself. But Haggard is also a personal name (Chapter VIII). Spark, earlier Sparhawk, is the sparrow-hawk. It is found already in Anglo-Saxon as a personal name, and the full Sparrowhawk also exists. Tassell is a corruption of tiercel, a name given to the male peregrine, so termed, according to the legendary lore of venery-- "Because he is, commonly, a third part lesse than the female." (Cotgrave, ) Juliet calls Romeo her "tassell gentle" (ii. 2). Muskett was a name given to the male sparrow-hawk. "Musket, a lytell hauke, mouchet." (Palsgrave.) Mushet is the same name. It comes from Ital. moschetto, a little fly. For its later application to a firearm cf. falconet. Other names of the hawk class are Buzzard and Puttock, i.e. kite-- "Milan, a kite, puttock, glead" (Cotgrave); and to the same bird we owe the name Gleed, from a Scandinavian name for the bird "And the glede, and the kite, and the vulture after his kind." (Deut. xiv. 13.) To this class also belongs Ramage-- "Ramage, of, or belonging to, branches; also, ramage, hagard, wild, homely, rude" (Cotgrave)-- and sometimes Lennard, an imitative form of "lanner," the name of an inferior hawk-- "Falcunculus, a leonard." (Holyoak, Lat. Dict., 1612.) Povey is a dialect name for the owl, a bird otherwise absent from the surname list. BEASTS